Richard W. Ziolkowski - Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications

1 Cover

2 Series Page IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief Jón Atli Benediktsson Xiaoou Li Jeffrey Reed Anjan Bose Lian Yong Diomidis Spinellis David Alan Grier Andreas Molisch Sarah Spurgeon Elya B. Joffe Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp

3 Title Page

4 Copyright Page

5 Author Biographies

6 Acknowledgments

7 1 A Perspective of Antennas for 5G and 6G 1.1 5G Requirements of Antenna Arrays 1.2 6G and Its Antenna Requirements 1.3 From Digital to Hybrid Multiple Beamforming 1.4 Analog Multiple Beamforming 1.5 Millimeter‐Wave Antennas 1.6 THz Antennas 1.7 Lens Antennas 1.8 SIMO and MIMO Multi‐Beam Antennas 1.9 In‐Band Full Duplex Antennas 1.10 Conclusions References

8 2 Millimeter‐Wave Beamforming Networks 2.1 Circuit‐Type BFNs: SIW‐Based Butler and Nolen Matrixes 2.2 Quasi Optical BFNs: Rotman Lens and Reflectors 2.3 Conclusions References

9 3 Decoupling Methods for Antenna Arrays 3.1 Electromagnetic Bandgap Structures 3.2 Defected Ground Structures 3.3 Neutralization Lines 3.4 Array‐Antenna Decoupling Surfaces 3.5 Metamaterial Structures 3.6 Parasitic Resonators 3.7 Polarization Decoupling 3.8 Conclusions References

10 4 De‐scattering Methods for Coexistent Antenna Arrays 4.1 De‐scattering vs. Decoupling in Coexistent Antenna Arrays 4.2 Mantle Cloak De‐scattering 4.3 Lumped‐Choke De‐scattering 4.4 Distributed‐Choke De‐scattering 4.5 Mitigating the Effect of HB Antennas on LB Antennas 4.6 Conclusions References

11 5 Differential‐Fed Antenna Arrays 5.1 Differential Systems 5.2 Differential‐Fed Antenna Elements 5.3 Differential‐Fed Antenna Arrays 5.4 Differential‐Fed Multi‐Beam Antennas 5.5 Conclusion References

12 6 Conformal Transmitarrays 6.1 Conformal Transmitarray Challenges 6.2 Conformal Transmitarrays Employing Triple‐Layer Elements 6.3 Beam Scanning Conformal Transmitarrays 6.4 Conformal Transmitarray Employing Ultrathin Dual‐Layer Huygens Elements 6.5 Elliptically Conformal Multi‐Beam Transmitarray with Wide‐Angle Scanning Ability 6.6 Conclusions References

13 7 Frequency‐Independent Beam Scanning Leaky‐Wave Antennas 7.1 Reconfigurable Fabry–Pérot (FP) LWA 7.2 Period‐Reconfigurable SIW‐Based LWA 7.3 Reconfigurable Composite Right/Left‐Handed LWA 7.4 Two‐Dimensional Multi‐Beam LWA 7.5 Conclusions References

14 8 Beam Pattern Synthesis of Analog Arrays 8.1 Thinned Antenna Arrays 8.2 Arrays with Rotated Elements 8.3 Arrays with Tracking Abilities Employing Sum and Difference Patterns 8.4 Synthesis of SIMO Arrays 8.5 Conclusions References

15 Index

16 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 Use cases for digital and hybrid beamforming.

2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Optimized parameters of the choked antenna.Table 4.2 Optimized parameters of the baluns for the choked antenna.Table 4.3 SSBW of spirals with different combinations of dimensions.

3 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Theoretical specifications of the Huygens surface’s impedance elem...Table 6.2 Properties of the optimized unit cells.Table 6.3 Simulation results of the transmitarray designs with different cho...Table 6.4 Feed positions for different beam directions.

4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Location shift of the newly added array.Table 7.2 Activation states of elements for different beams.Table 7.3 Optimized design parameter values (in mm) of the frequency‐scannin...Table 7.4 Measured performance characteristics of the fixed‐frequency beam s...Table 7.5 Measured performance characteristics of the fixed‐frequency beam s...Table 7.6 Realized gain values for the six operating states with different v...Table 7.7 Comparison between two phase compensation methods.Table 7.8 Simulated results of the states of the HMSIW‐based LWA.Table 7.9 Beam direction (phi, theta) and corresponding realized gain (dBi) ...

5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 The obtained final rotation angles and excitation phases for the f...Table 8.2 The maximum SLL, XPL, and mainlobe ripple of the synthesized and r...Table 8.3 The rotation angles and element positions ( x −n= − x n) obta...Table 8.4 The maximum SLLs for the dual‐beam pattern with one beam fixed at ...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 An illustration of a 64‐element antenna‐in‐package (AiP) assembly... Figure 1.2 Three levels of AiP implementation by TMYTECH. Figure 1.3 An illustration of a potential ISTN architecture for 6G and beyon... Figure 1.4 High‐level architecture of a digital beamformer (DBP) for recepti... Figure 1.5 Hybrid antenna arrays. (a) The basic architectures of transmitter... Figure 1.6 Options for implementing analog subarrays. The blocks φ and Figure 1.7 Typical implementation of a 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM) connected to... Figure 1.8 Illustration of Luneburg lenses. (a) Spherical. (b) Cylindrical.... Figure 1.9 Specific atmospheric attenuation (dB/km) at the indicated altitud... Figure 1.10 Illustration of (a) an integrated elliptical lens antenna and (b... Figure 1.11 Illustration of Fresnel lenses. (a) Original Fresnel lens. (b) C... Figure 1.12 Illustration of (a) SIMO and (b) MIMO multi‐beam antennas.

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Topology of a classic 4 × 4 BM. Figure 2.2 Model of the modified 4 × 4 BM that has no crossovers. Source: Fr... Figure 2.3 Simulated model of the dual‐layer 4 × 4 BM. Source: From [5] / wi... Figure 2.4 Simulated model of the circularly polarized multi‐beam array fed ... Figure 2.5 Simulated model of a SIW‐based 8 × 8 BM. Source: From [9] / with ... Figure 2.6 Simulated model of the dual‐layer 8 × 8 BM. Source: From [10] / w... Figure 2.7 Topology of a 4 × 8 BM that delivers nonuniform amplitudes at its... Figure 2.8 Classic and innovative 4 × 8 BM topologies. (a) Classic configura... Figure 2.9 Topology and simulation model of a dual‐layer 4 × 8 BM that distr... Figure 2.10 Topology of a BFN for a 2‐D multi‐beam array. Figure 2.11 BFN layout (left) that feeds the 2 × 2 planar array (right), whi... Figure 2.12 Multilayer BFN that delivers nonuniform amplitudes to the elemen... Figure 2.13 Multilayer 2‐D BFN that delivers nonuniform amplitudes to the el... Figure 2.14 Developed topologies of a planar 16 ×16 2‐D BFN. (a) Without the... Figure 2.15 16 × 16 2‐D BFN developed in [19]. (a) Simulated model. (b) Fabr... Figure 2.16 Multilayer 16 ×16 2‐D BFN that delivers nonuniform amplitudes to... Figure 2.17 16 ×16 2‐D BFN that delivers nonuniform amplitudes to the elemen... Figure 2.18 Illustration of a Nolen matrix and one of its nodes. Source: Fro... Figure 2.19 Configuration of the traditional Rotman lens. Source: From [25] ... Figure 2.20 SIW‐based Rotman lens. Source: From [25] / with permission of IE... Figure 2.21 SIW‐based dual‐layer Rotman lens with ridged delay lines. Source ... Figure 2.22 SIW‐based dual‐layer Rotman lens with reduced SLL that delivers ... Figure 2.23 Conformal SIW‐based dual‐layer Rotman lens. Source: From [29] / ... Figure 2.24 SIW‐based offset‐fed parabolic reflector lens. Source: From [30]... Figure 2.25 SIW‐based offset‐fed parabolic reflector lens that realizes full... Figure 2.26 SIW‐based pillbox‐configured multi‐beam slot array. There are th... Figure 2.27 SIW‐based pillbox‐configured multi‐beam slot array realized with... Figure 2.28 SIW‐based modified pillbox reflector‐fed multi‐beam slot array w... Figure 2.29 Multi‐beam slot array fed by a dual offset Gregorian reflector s... Figure 2.30 SIW‐based Cassegrain lens BFN for a multi‐beam array. The symbol...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Mushroom EBG structure [1]. (a) Top and side views. (b) When it i...Figure 3.2 Measured results of the two‐element microstrip patch antenna arra...Figure 3.3 Configurations with different types of DGSs. (a) 3‐D view of two ...Figure 3.4 Simulated |