Richard W. Ziolkowski - Advanced Antenna Array Engineering for 6G and Beyond Wireless Communications

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 FSS multilayered element (Red represents metal and white represen...Figure 6.2 Transmission performance of the planar transmitarray element with...Figure 6.3 Bent transmitarray element slot length L parameter studies. (a) T...Figure 6.4 Conformal transmitarray configuration. (a) 3D perspective view. (...Figure 6.5 Phase distribution on the conformal transmitarray before bending....Figure 6.6 Graphical depiction of the phase of the elements on the conformal...Figure 6.7 Photographs of the conformal transmitarray prototype. (a) Front v...Figure 6.8 Simulated and measured input reflection coefficients of the confo...Figure 6.9 Simulated and measured radiation patterns at 25.5 GHz. (a) E‐plan...Figure 6.10 Simulated and measured realized gain versus frequency: (a) Confo...Figure 6.11 Side views of two different conformal transmitarrays. (a) Passiv...Figure 6.12 Different operating states of the beam scanning conformal transm...Figure 6.13 Photographs of the reconfigurable transmitarray prototype in the...Figure 6.14 Measured input reflection coefficients of the reconfigurable con...Figure 6.15 H‐plane realized gain patterns at 25.0 GHz for the different out...Figure 6.16 Measured cross‐polarization realized gain levels in the H‐plane ...Figure 6.17 Beam steering range limit of the prototype conformal transmitarr...Figure 6.18 Three transmitarray antennas to achieve the three beam direction...Figure 6.19 Huygens surface. (a) Sketch of the EM field and the induced curr...Figure 6.20 Developed Huygens element unit cell. (a) 3D view. (b) Top and bo...Figure 6.21 Simulated surface impedance values as functions of the source fr...Figure 6.22 Simulated Z mvalues as functions of the source frequency for dif...Figure 6.23 Simulated amplitude and phase of |S 21| for Element 1 as function...Figure 6.24 Simulated current distributions on the metallic traces in Elemen...Figure 6.25 Conformal Transmitarray. (a) 3D view. (b) 2D side view. (c) 2D s...Figure 6.26 Simulated S 21amplitude and phase of Element 1 when it is excite...Figure 6.27 Photographs of the conformal transmitarray prototype in the meas...Figure 6.28 Simulated and measured values of the input reflection coefficien...Figure 6.29 Simulated and measured values of the boresight‐realized gain of ...Figure 6.30 Simulated and measured realized gain patterns of the prototype H...Figure 6.31 Transmitarray contour design. (a) Elliptical section. (b) Corres...Figure 6.32 Comparison of the exact and approximated phase error.Figure 6.33 Refocusing schematic.Figure 6.34 Transmitarray configuration having feed system with 2 N + 1 ...Figure 6.35 Simulated magnitude and values of |S 21| as functions of the slot...Figure 6.36 Simulated E‐ and H‐plane realized gain patterns with d 00= 205 m...Figure 6.37 Geometry used to calculate the horn feed position.Figure 6.38 Simulated gain of the multi‐beam transmit array at 21 GHz. (a) M...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 1‐D reconfigurable FP LWA. (a) 3D view of a short portion of the ...Figure 7.2 Reconfigurable 1‐D FP LWA cross section (left) and the transverse...Figure 7.3 Phase and magnitude of the reflection coefficient associated with...Figure 7.4 Phase of the PRS reflection coefficient for plane waves incident ...Figure 7.5 Leaky‐mode dispersion curves ( L PRS= 22 mm). (a) and (b) Frequenc...Figure 7.6 HFSS‐simulated leaky‐mode electric‐field pattern inside the FP PR...Figure 7.7 Simulated normalized H‐plane patterns for the reconfigurable FP L...Figure 7.8 Leaky‐mode pointing angle of the reconfigurable FP LWA as a funct...Figure 7.9 Reconfigurable FP LWA prototype. (a) Top views of the prototype a...Figure 7.10 Measured reflection coefficient values as functions of the sourc...Figure 7.11 Simulated and measured S ‐parameters as functions of the reverse ...Figure 7.12 Photograph of the experimental setup of the pattern measurements...Figure 7.13 Measured normalized patterns at 5.6 GHz for different reverse bi...Figure 7.14 Measured and simulated performance characteristics of the reconf...Figure 7.15 Period‐reconfigurable LWA. (a) Perspective view. (b) Top view....Figure 7.16 Unit cell of the period‐reconfigurable LWA. (a) Configuration. (...Figure 7.17 Radiation efficiency of one unit cell when the diode is forward ...Figure 7.18 Current distributions on the patch when the diode is not biased....Figure 7.19 Variation of the scan angle θ nas a function of the period Figure 7.20 Normalized patterns of the period‐reconfigurable LWA when its pe...Figure 7.21 Illustration of introducing a second array shifted from the orig...Figure 7.22 Array factor (AF) explanation on the harmonic suppression method...Figure 7.23 The harmonic suppression method is used to remove the n = −1 har...Figure 7.24 Normalized patterns of the period‐reconfigurable when the n = −3...Figure 7.25 Beam scanning normalized radiation patterns of the isotropic‐poi...Figure 7.26 Beam scanning angle for each beam generated by the period‐reconf...Figure 7.27 Comparison of the normalized patterns of the electric field radi...Figure 7.28 Prototype of the period‐reconfigurable LWA. (a) Antenna substrat...Figure 7.29 Simulated normalized patterns of the scanned beams radiated by t...Figure 7.30 Measured results of the beam scanning radiation patterns normali...Figure 7.31 The simulated (at 5 GHz) and measured (at 4.87 GHz) gain values ...Figure 7.32 The simulated and measured beam angles of the 14 scanned beams w...Figure 7.33 The simulated and measured sidelobe levels of each of the 14 sca...Figure 7.34 S ‐parameters of the period‐reconfigurable LWA. (a) Simulated and...Figure 7.35 Normalized attenuation constant α / k 0for each of the 14 bea...Figure 7.36 Power percentages and antenna efficiency for each of the 14 beam...Figure 7.37 T‐type equivalent circuit of a 1‐D conventional CRLH unit cell....Figure 7.38 Dispersion curves for different values of in the CRLH unit cel...Figure 7.39 Dispersion curves for different values of and in the unit ce...Figure 7.40 Dispersion curves for different values of , , and in the uni...Figure 7.41 Single‐layer frequency‐based continuous beam scanning CRLH LWA d...Figure 7.42 The properties of the unit cell of the frequency‐based continuou...Figure 7.43 The frequency‐based continuous beam scanning CRLH LWA. (a) S ‐par...Figure 7.44 Side view (not to scale) of the developed fixed‐frequency beam s...Figure 7.45 The fixed‐frequency beam scanning CRLH LWA configuration. (a) To...Figure 7.46 A 3D view (not to scale) of the fixed‐frequency beam scanning CR...Figure 7.47 Capacitance values of C V1and C V2as functions of the simulated ...Figure 7.48 S ‐parameters as functions of the simulated main beam direction a...Figure 7.49 Sidelobe level (SLL) and realized gain as functions of the simul...Figure 7.50 Simulated radiation patterns for the antenna’s six operating sta...Figure 7.51 Realized gain as a function of the frequency for six operating s...Figure 7.52 Photographs of the fabricated fixed‐frequency beam scanning CRLH...Figure 7.53 Measured realized gain patterns for five of the antenna’s operat...Figure 7.54 Measured realized gain patterns for four of the antenna’s operat...Figure 7.55 Simulation model of the designed 2‐D scanning LWA.Figure 7.56 Simulation model of the horn BFN. Design parameters: d p= 15.00,...Figure 7.57 Phase inverter designs [43]. (a) Simulation model of the 180° ph...Figure 7.58 Simulated SIW‐to‐HMSIW transition model, E ‐field distribution an...Figure 7.59 Simulation model of the HMSIW‐based LWA [43]. (a) Perspective vi...Figure 7.60 Simulated HMSIW‐based LWA results for its states S1 and S5. (a) ...Figure 7.61 Simulated gain patterns of the HMSIW‐based LWA. Solid line: with...Figure 7.62 Fabricated prototype and measurement setup.Figure 7.63 Simulated and measured S ‐parameters.Figure 7.64 Simulated 3 dB contours showing the total coverage area of the H...Figure 7.65 Simulated and measured normalized co‐ and cross‐polarization pat...Figure 7.66 Directivity and realized gain results of the HMSIW‐based LWA for...