Abdelkhalak El Hami - Applications and Metrology at Nanometer Scale 1

1 Cover

2 Title page Reliability of Multiphysical Systems Set coordinated by Abdelkhalak El Hami Volume 9

3 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Pierre-Richard Dahoo, Philippe Pougnet and Abdelkhalak El Hami to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020946679 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-640-1

4 Preface

5 Introduction

6 1 Nanometer Scale 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Sample elaboration 1.3. Characterization of samples 1.4. Conclusion 1.5. Appendix: light ray propagation

7 2 Statistical Tools to Reduce the Effect of Design Uncertainties 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Review of fundamental definitions in probability theory 2.3. Random process and random field 2.4. Mathematical formulation of the model 2.5. Reliability-based approach 2.6. Design of experiments method 2.7. Set-based approach 2.8. Analysis in terms of main components 2.9. Applications 2.10. Conclusion

8 3 Electromagnetic Waves and Their Applications 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Characteristics of the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave 3.3. The energy of a plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave 3.4. Rectangular waveguide as a high-pass frequency filter 3.5. Characteristics of microwave antennas 3.6. Characteristics of networks of microwave antennas

9 4 Smart Materials 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Smart systems and materials 4.3. Thermodynamics of couplings in active materials 4.4. Exercises on the application of active materials 4.5. Appendix: crystal symmetry

10 Appendix: Propagation of a Light Ray

11 References

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Various spatial and temporal scales in materials sciences. For a col...Figure 1.2. The stages of spin coating technique: a) deposition of volume, b) sp...Figure 1.3. Cathode sputtering. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste...Figure 1.4. Schematic representation of laser ablation deposition setup. For a c...Figure 1.5. Ellipsometry-based in situ control of thin-film growth. For a color ...Figure 1.6. Variation with temperature of a) cos (∆) and b) tan (Ψ) Figure 1.7. Ellipsometric parameters of a film of TiO2 on SiO2 by laser ablation...Figure 1.8. E.H. Synge experimental setup. For a color version of this figure, s...Figure 1.9. Diagram of a SNOM by transmission in constant force mode. For a colo...Figure 1.10. Diagram of transmission SNOM in shear mode. For a color version of ...Figure 1.11. Electron microscope: TEM and MEB modes. For a color version of this...Figure 1.12. Diffraction images obtained by TEM for SmFeO3 samples deposited at:...Figure 1.13. TEM diffraction images for SmFeO3 films deposited at: a) 785°C and ...Figure 1.14. SmFeO film deposited at TD = 915°C: a) protuberances between 150 an...Figure 1.15. AFM operating principle Figure 1.16. Atomic force microscope Figure 1.17. Topology of the deposition surfaces of SmFeO3 on quartz (P = 50 mTo...Figure 1.18. Topology of deposition surfaces of SmFeO3 on quartz (T = 920°C) for...Figure 1.19. Principle of FTIR spectroscopy, and the cell of measurement in ATR....Figure 1.20. Absorption spectra of silicone gels B (1–4) and M (1–3). For a colo...Figure 1.21. Combined thermal cycling (T: -45 at 95°C) and humidity cycling (HR:...Figure 1.22. Thermal cycling (T: -45 at 95°C) in HALT. For a color version of th...Figure 1.23. Thermal cycling in a furnace Figure 1.24. ATR spectra of M of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk/dahoo/metrology...Figure 1.25. ATR spectra of B-type polymers. For a color version of this figure,...Figure 1.26. ATR difference spectra for M-type polymers. For a color version of ...Figure 1.27. ATR difference spectra for B-type polymers. For a color version of ...Figure 1.28. Kirchhoff integral on a surface Σ passing through a point M enclosi...Figure 1.29. Schematic of the diffraction by an aperture scanned by M in a plane...Figure 1.30. Diffraction amplitude distribution by a circular aperture. For a co...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Distribution of the normal law. For a color version of this figure, ...Figure 2.2. Beam fixed at both ends Figure 2.3. Mean shift of the center of the beam Figure 2.4. Standard deviation of the center of the beam Figure 2.5. Histogram of the constraint on the brazing joint. For a color versio...Figure 2.6. Density of the constraint on the brazing joint. For a color version ...Figure 2.7. Density of the initial constraint (red) and the optimized constraint...Figure 2.8. Mass–spring–shock absorber system Figure 2.9. Mean value of the shift xu(t) for the interval method (blue) and the...Figure 2.10. Two-dimensional frame Figure 2.11. Mean value of the shift as a function of time Figure 2.12. Standard deviation of the shift as a function of time Figure 2.13. Mesh structure Figure 2.14. Mean value of the module of the transfer function Figure 2.15. Linear oscillator under study Figure 2.16. Standard deviation of the module of the shift response

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Light–matter interaction. For a color version of this figure, see ww...Figure 3.2. Rectangular waveguide Figure 3.3. Antenna at the center of a spherical reference system: definition of...Figure 3.4. Wire antenna. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co.uk...Figure 3.5. Electric field strength radiated by the wire antenna in the plane de...Figure 3.6. Power radiated by the wire antenna in the plane defined by the verti...Figure 3.7. Block of four 5G antennas operating at 3.5 GHz installed above 4G an...Figure 3.8. Schematic diagram of a patch antenna: a) top view of the rectangle c...Figure 3.9. Network of N current-supplied antennas. For a color version of this ...Figure 3.10. Delays applied to the N antennas of the network. For a color versio...Figure 3.11. Applied delay. For a color version of this figure, see www.iste.co....Figure 3.12. Radiation diagram E ( θ ) 2of a network of eight antennas as a functio...Figure 3.13. Radiation diagram E ( θ ) 2of a network of eight antennas as a functio...Figure 3.14. Radiation diagram E ( θ ) 2of a network of eight antennas as a functio...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. 3D diamond structure of fcc type and 2D graphite structure of plane ...Figure 4.2. The three elements of a smart system. For a color version of this fi...Figure 4.3. Zero electrical response of an aluminum beam to a mechanical excitat...Figure 4.4. Non-zero response of a piezoelectric beam to mechanical excitation