Philias R. Garant - Oral Cells and Tissues

Basic Science Correlations

Clinical Correlations

7Root Formation and Cementogenesis

Development of the Roots

Cementogenesis in Animal Models

Cementogenesis in Humans

Responsiveness of Cementum

Matrix Proteins, Adhesion Molecules, and Growth Factors of Cementum

Process of Tooth Eruption

Basic Science Correlation: Construction of the Attachment

Clinical Correlation: Cementum Hypoplasia

8Bone

Types and Functions of Osteogenic Cells

Components of the Bone Matrix

Development and Function of Osteoclasts

Inhibition of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption

Coupling of Bone Formation and Resorption

Influence of Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin on Bone Cells

Influence of Growth Factors and Cytokines on Bone Cells

Architecture of the Bone and Replacement of Osteons

Repair of the Bone

Anatomic Characteristics of the Jawbones

Turnover and Remodeling of Alveolar Bone

Basic Science Correlations

Clinical Correlations

9Salivary Glands

General Composition of a Gland

Development of the Salivary Glands

Basic Structure of Serous and Mucous Cells

Secretion of Saliva

Resynthesis of Proteins

Composition of Saliva

Nonsecretory Components of the Salivary Glands

Structure of the Major Glands

Innervation and Neural Control of Salivary Secretion

Basic Science Correlations

Clinical Correlations

10Oral Somatosensory Systems

Types of Cutaneous Somatosensory Receptors

Innervation of the Oral Mucosa

Theories of Somatosensory Perception

Innervation and Sensation of the Pulp and Dentin

Nerve Regeneration Following Tooth Extraction

Peptidergic Nerve Endings in Pulp and Gingiva

Basic Science Correlations

Clinical Correlations

11Muscle

Muscles of Mastication

Muscles of the Tongue, Soft Palate, and Pharynx

Development of Skeletal Muscle

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Mastication

Structure of Smooth Muscle

Basic Science Correlations

12Cartilage and Temporomandibular Joint

Development and Structure of Cartilage

Components of the Temporomandibular Joint

Clinical Correlation: Pathoses of the Temporomandibular Joint

13Immune System

Initiation of Immune Response

Development of T Lymphocytes

Structure of T-Cell Receptors

Structure of Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules

Processing and Presentation of Antigenic Peptides

Activation of T Cells

Function of Helper T Cells

Function of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes and Classic Natural Killer Cells

Development of B Lymphocytes

Activation of B Cells

Non–Antigen-Specific Activation of T and B Cells

Development of Immunologic Tolerance

Structure and Function of Plasma Cells

Initiation of Serum Antibody Response

Lymphocyte Circulation from Bone Marrow to Secondary Lymphoid and Peripheral Tissues

Role of Keratinocytes in the Immune Response

Role of Dendritic Cells and Langerhans Cells

Basic Science Correlations

Clinical Correlation: Immune Response in Gingival and Periodontal Disease

14Phagocytic Cells

Development of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Cell Surface Receptors

Activation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Development and Structure of Monocytes and Macrophages

Types of Monocyte and Macrophage Receptors

Activation of Monocytes

Transmigration of Phagocytic Cells

Chemotaxis

Phagocytosis

Generation of Reactive Oxygen Metabolites

Antimicrobial Agents of Phagocytes

Role of Phagocytes in Regulating Inflammation

Aggregation of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils

Cytokine Regulation of Phagocytic Cells

Structure and Function of the Complement System

Biologic Effects of Lipopolysaccharide

Glucocorticoid Modulation of the Inflammatory Response

Immunomodulatory Evasion Mechanisms of Microbes

Clinical Correlation: Polymorphonuclear Neutrophil Function and Periodontal Disease

Preface

Since the deciphering of the genetic code, scientists have gained enormous insight into how cells and tissues function. It is now evident that our understanding of the structure and function of oral cells and tissues must be based on knowledge of subcellular mechanisms common to most cell types. More than ever, the basic sciences are essential in oral biology, helping us to understand the nature of oral cells and tissues in health and disease. This book seeks to bring our understanding of the basic biology of the oral cavity to bear on the daily clinical practice of dentistry. To accomplish this, whenever possible, the chapters conclude with sections on the basic science and clinical correlations of the information presented. It is my hope that individuals seeking an overview of the cellular components of the oral cavity, whether they are dental students or researchers new to the biology of the oral cavity, will find this book to be a useful framework for their studies.

Keeping up with the flood of new information and defining the book’s boundaries were constant challenges. Nevertheless, I have made every effort to make the text as comprehensive and as straightforward as possible for students at any level. I was inspired to write this book because of the pleasure I get from learning about new discoveries and from knowing that there are students who, although anxious to study the purely clinical aspects of their education, see and appreciate the profound beauty of the cells and tissues of the oral cavity.

Several individuals deserve acknowledgment for their inspiration and assistance during preparation of this book. My teachers at the Harvard School of Dental Medicine, especially Drs Paul Goldhaber, George Szabo, and the late John Nalbandian, were instrumental in setting me on the path of academic dentistry and making study, research, and discovery a major part of my adult life.

Without the encouragement and support of Dean Barry Rifkin, along with the generous resources of Stony Brook University, writing this book would have been impossible. I must also thank Drs James Sciubba and Moon-II Cho for their encouragement and continued insistence that I not give up this project.