Fundamentals of Pharmacology
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All registered nurses must have a thorough understanding and a strong knowledge of pharmacology, medicines administration, and the ability to recognise and react to the effects of medicines.
helps nursing and healthcare students develop the skills and confidence required to apply the fundamental principles of pharmacology and to offer safe, competent and compassionate care. Concentrating on the medicines that students are most likely to encounter in real-world practice, this textbook provides concise coverage of pharmacology, essential medicines management principles, legal and ethical issues, drug formulations, analgesics, immunisations, and much more.
Clinically focused chapters feature defined learning outcomes, multiple-choice questions, practical examples, and full-colour illustrations to aid readers’ comprehension of the complexities of pharmacology and care provision. The book utilises a straightforward, student-friendly approach to present ‘must-have’ information, with contributions from experienced clinicians and academics.
Describes how to use pharmaceutical and prescribing reference guides Stresses the role and importance of compassionate care throughout Contains a full range of pedagogical tools which enhance learning and recall Aligns with current NMC Standards and Proficiencies for Registered Nurses and Nursing Associates Supplemented and supported by a wealth of online extras and resources
is essential reading for all nursing students, trainee nursing associates, post-registration nurses taking ‘nurse prescribing’ or ‘non-medical prescribing’ modules, and newly qualified nurses and nursing associates looking to better understand pharmacology.
helps nursing and healthcare students develop the skills and confidence required to apply the fundamental principles of pharmacology and to offer safe, competent and compassionate care. Concentrating on the medicines that students are most likely to encounter in real-world practice, this textbook provides concise coverage of pharmacology, essential medicines management principles, legal and ethical issues, drug formulations, analgesics, immunisations, and much more.
Clinically focused chapters feature defined learning outcomes, multiple-choice questions, practical examples, and full-colour illustrations to aid readers’ comprehension of the complexities of pharmacology and care provision. The book utilises a straightforward, student-friendly approach to present ‘must-have’ information, with contributions from experienced clinicians and academics.
Describes how to use pharmaceutical and prescribing reference guides Stresses the role and importance of compassionate care throughout Contains a full range of pedagogical tools which enhance learning and recall Aligns with current NMC Standards and Proficiencies for Registered Nurses and Nursing Associates Supplemented and supported by a wealth of online extras and resources
is essential reading for all nursing students, trainee nursing associates, post-registration nurses taking ‘nurse prescribing’ or ‘non-medical prescribing’ modules, and newly qualified nurses and nursing associates looking to better understand pharmacology.
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Life‐long learning means just that: the continual pursuit of more knowledge as you develop personally and professionally; learning does not stop once you have graduated and had your name entered on to the professional register. Information and the acquisition of information does not stand still, new information is always being generated and applied in the nursing and medical fields. In the area of pharmacology, there are always new drugs being discovered and developed.
References
1 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018a). Future nurse: the standards of proficiency for registered nurses. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/education‐standards/future‐nurse‐proficiencies.pdf(accessed September 2019).
2 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018b). The standards of proficiency for nursing associates. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/education‐standards/nursing‐associates‐proficiency‐standards.pdf(accessed September 2019).
3 Nursing and Midwifery Council (2018c). The Code. Professional standards of practice and behaviour for nurses, midwives and nursing associates. www.nmc.org.uk/globalassets/sitedocuments/nmc‐publications/nmc‐code.pdf(accessed September 2019).
4 Prydderch, S. (2019). Preparing pre‐registration nurses to be ‘prescriber ready’. Aspirational or achievable reality. Nurse Education Today. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2019.03.009.
5 Royal Pharmaceutical Society and the Royal College of Nursing (2019). Professional guidance on the administration of medicines in healthcare settings. https://www.rpharms.com/Portals/0/RPS%20document%20library/Open%20access/Professional%20standards/SSHM%20and%20Admin/Admin%20of%20Meds%20prof%20guidance.pdf?ver=2019‐01‐23‐145026‐567(accessed September 2019).
Acknowledgements
Ian would like to thank his partner Jussi Lahtinen for his ongoing support and Mrs. Frances Cohen for her help and encouragement. Thanks also to Magenta Styles at Wiley for her inspiration.
Barry would like to thank Professor Ian Peate for his continued encouragement support and friendship helping me to grow as an academic, an editor, a writer and for always believing in me. I would also like to thank my partner Jose, my mum Tina, Dad Ray and Sisters Melanie and Sonia for being my family. I would like to thank all of the contributory writers who have written book chapters. Working and dedicating your own time to writing for publication is no easy task. I applaud your dedication and thank you on behalf on the readership. Finally, I would like to thank Wiley and the team working behind the scenes for their continuous support on all aspects of the publication process.
Prefixes and suffixes
Prefix:A prefix is positioned at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. Pre means ‘before‘. Prefixes may also indicate a location, number or time.
Suffix:The ending part of a word that changes the meaning of the word.
| Prefix or suffix | Meaning | Example(s) |
| a‐, an‐ | not, without | analgesic, apathy |
| ab‐ | from; away from | abduction |
| abdomin(o)‐ | of or relating to the abdomen | abdomen |
| acous(io)‐ | of or relating to hearing | acoumeter, acoustician |
| acr(o)‐ | extremity, topmost | acrocrany, acromegaly, acroosteolysis, acroposthia |
| ad‐ | at, increase, on, toward | adduction |
| aden(o)‐, aden(i)‐ | of or relating to a gland | adenocarcinoma, adenology, adenotome, adenotyphus |
| adip(o)‐ | of or relating to fat or fatty tissue | adipocyte |
| adren(o)‐ | of or relating to adrenal glands | adrenal artery |
| ‐aemia | blood condition | anaemia |
| aer(o)‐ | air, gas | aerosinusitis |
| ‐aesthesi(o)‐ | sensation | anaesthesia |
| alb‐ | denoting a white or pale color | albino |
| ‐alge(si)‐ | pain | analgesic |
| ‐algia, ‐alg(i)o‐ | pain | myalgia |
| all(o‐) | denoting something as different, or as an addition | alloantigen, allopathy |
| ambi‐ | denoting something as positioned on both sides | ambidextrous |
| amni‐ | pertaining to the membranous foetal sac (amnion) | amniocentesis |
| ana‐ | back, again, up | anaplasia |
| andr(o)‐ | pertaining to a man | android, andrology |
| angi(o)‐ | blood vessel | angiogram |
| ankyl(o)‐, ancyl(o)‐ | denoting something as crooked or bent | ankylosis |
| ante‐ | describing something as positioned in front of another thing | antepartum |
| anti‐ | describing something as ‘against’ or ‘opposed to’ another | antibody, antipsychotic |
| arteri(o)‐ | of or pertaining to an artery | arteriole, arterial |
| arthr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the joints, limbs | arthritis |
| articul(o)‐ | joint | articulation |
| ‐ase | enzyme | lactase |
| ‐asthenia | weakness | myasthenia gravis |
| ather(o)‐ | fatty deposit, soft gruel‐like deposit | atherosclerosis |
| atri(o)‐ | an atrium (especially heart atrium) | atrioventricular |
| aur(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | aural |
| aut(o)‐ | self | autoimmune |
| axill‐ | of or pertaining to the armpit (uncommon as a prefix) | axilla |
| bi‐ | twice, double | binary |
| bio‐ | life | biology |
| blephar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid | blepharoplast |
| brachi(o)‐ | of or relating to the arm | brachium of inferior colliculus |
| brady‐ | slow | bradycardia |
| bronch(i)‐ | bronchus | bronchiolitis obliterans |
| bucc(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cheek | buccolabial |
| burs(o)‐ | bursa (fluid sac between the bones) | bursitis |
| carcin(o)‐ | cancer | carcinoma |
| cardi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the heart | cardiology |
| carp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the wrist | carpopedal |
| ‐cele | pouching, hernia | hydrocele, varicocele |
| ‐centesis | surgical puncture for aspiration | amniocentesis |
| cephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the head (as a whole) | cephalalgy |
| cerebell(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the cerebellum | cerebellum |
| cerebr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain | cerebrology |
| chem(o)‐ | chemistry, drug | chemotherapy |
| chol(e)‐ | of or pertaining to bile | cholecystitis |
| cholecyst(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the gallbladder | cholecystectomy |
| chondr(i)o‐ | cartilage, gristle, granule, granular | chondrocalcinosis |
| chrom(ato)‐ | colour | hemochromatosis |
| ‐cidal, ‐cide | killing, destroying | bactericidal |
| cili‐ | of or pertaining to the cilia, the eyelashes | ciliary |
| circum‐ | denoting something as ‘around’ another | circumcision |
| col(o)‐, colono‐ | colon | colonoscopy |
| colp(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | colposcopy |
| contra‐ | against | contraindicate |
| coron(o)‐ | crown | coronary |
| cost(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ribs | costochondral |
| crani(o)‐ | belonging or relating to the cranium | craniology |
| ‐crine, ‐crin(o)‐ | to secrete | endocrine |
| cry(o)‐ | cold | cryoablation |
| cutane‐ | skin | subcutaneous |
| cyan(o)‐ | denotes a blue colour | cyanosis |
| cyst(o)‐, cyst(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the urinary bladder | cystotomy |
| cyt(o)‐ | cell | cytokine |
| ‐cyte | cell | leukocyte |
| ‐dactyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to a finger, toe | dactylology, polydactyly |
| dent‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | dentist |
| dermat(o)‐, derm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the skin | dermatology |
| ‐desis | binding | arthrodesis |
| dextr(o)‐ | right, on the right side | dextrocardia |
| di‐ | two | diplopia |
| dia‐ | through, during, across | dialysis |
| dif‐ | apart, separation | different |
| digit‐ | of or pertaining to the finger (rare as a root) | digit |
| ‐dipsia | suffix meaning ‘(condition of) thirst’ | polydipsia, hydroadipsia, oligodipsia |
| dors(o)‐, dors(i)‐ | of or pertaining to the back | dorsal, dorsocephalad |
| duodeno‐ | duodenum | duodenal atresia |
| dynam(o)‐ | force, energy, power | hand strength dynamometer |
| ‐dynia | pain | vulvodynia |
| dys‐ | bad, difficult, defective, abnormal | dysphagia, dysphasia |
| ec‐ | out, away | ectopia, ectopic pregnancy |
| ‐ectasia, ‐ectasis | expansion, dilation | bronchiectasis, telangiectasia |
| ect(o)‐ | outer, outside | ectoblast, ectoderm |
| ‐ectomy | denotes a surgical operation or removal of a body part; resection, excision | mastectomy |
| ‐emesis | vomiting condition | hematemesis |
| encephal(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the brain; also see cerebr(o)‐ | encephalogram |
| endo‐ | denotes something as ‘inside’ or ‘within’ | endocrinology, endospore |
| enter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the intestine | gastroenterology |
| eosin(o)‐ | red | eosinophil granulocyte |
| epi‐ | on, upon | epicardium, epidermis, epidural, episclera, epistaxis |
| erythr(o)‐ | denotes a red colour | erythrocyte |
| ex‐ | out of, away from | excision, exophthalmos |
| exo‐ | denotes something as ‘outside’ another | exoskeleton |
| extra‐ | outside | extradural hematoma |
| faci(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the face | facioplegic |
| fibr(o) | fibre | fibroblast |
| fore‐ | before or ahead | forehead |
| fossa | a hollow or depressed area; trench or channel | fossa ovalis |
| front‐ | of or pertaining to the forehead | frontonasal |
| galact(o)‐ | milk | galactorrhoea |
| gastr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the stomach | gastric bypass |
| ‐genic | formative, pertaining to producing | cardiogenic shock |
| gingiv‐ | of or pertaining to the gums | gingivitis |
| glauc(o)‐ | denoting a grey or bluish‐grey colour | glaucoma |
| gloss(o)‐, glott(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | glossology |
| gluco‐ | sweet | glucocorticoid |
| glyc(o)‐ | sugar | glycolysis |
| ‐gnosis | knowledge | diagnosis, prognosis |
| gon(o)‐ | seed, semen; also, reproductive | gonorrhoea |
| ‐gram, ‐gramme | record or picture | angiogram |
| ‐graph | instrument used to record data or picture | electrocardiograph |
| ‐graphy | process of recording | angiography |
| gyn(aec)o‐ | woman | gynaecomastia |
| haemangi(o)‐ | blood vessels | haemangioma |
| haemat(o)‐, hem‐ | of or pertaining to blood | haematology |
| halluc‐ | to wander in mind | hallucinosis |
| hemi‐ | one‐half | cerebral hemisphere |
| hepat‐ (hepatic‐) | of or pertaining to the liver | hepatology |
| heter(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the other’ (of two), as an addition, or different | heterogeneous |
| hist(o)‐, histio‐ | tissue | histology |
| home(o)‐ | similar | homeopathy |
| hom(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘the same’ as another or common | homosexuality |
| hydr(o)‐ | water | hydrophobe |
| hyper‐ | denotes something as ‘extreme’ or ‘beyond normal’ | hypertension |
| hyp(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘below normal’ | hypovolemia |
| hyster(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the womb, the uterus | hysterectomy, hysteria |
| iatr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to medicine, or a physician | iatrogenic |
| ‐iatry | denotes a field in medicine of a certain body component | podiatry, psychiatry |
| ‐ics | organized knowledge, treatment | obstetrics |
| ileo‐ | ileum | ileocecal valve |
| infra‐ | below | infrahyoid muscles |
| inter‐ | between, among | interarticular ligament |
| intra‐ | within | intramural |
| ipsi‐ | same | ipsilateral haemiparesis |
| ischio‐ | of or pertaining to the ischium, the hip joint | ischioanal fossa |
| ‐ismus | spasm, contraction | hemiballismus |
| iso‐ | denoting something as being ‘equal’ | isotonic |
| ‐ist | one who specializes in | pathologist |
| ‐itis | inflammation | tonsillitis |
| ‐ium | structure, tissue | pericardium |
| juxta‐ (iuxta‐) | near to, alongside or next to | juxtaglomerular apparatus |
| karyo‐ | nucleus | eukaryote |
| kerat(o)‐ | cornea (eye or skin) | keratoscope |
| kin(e)‐, kin(o)‐, kinaesi(o)‐ | movement | kinaesthesia |
| kyph(o)‐ | humped | kyphoscoliosis |
| labi(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lip | labiodental |
| lacrim(o)‐ | tear | lacrimal canaliculi |
| lact(i)‐, lact(o) | milk | lactation |
| lapar(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the abdomen wall, flank | laparotomy |
| laryng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the larynx, the lower throat cavity where the voice box is | larynx |
| latero‐ | lateral | lateral pectoral nerve |
| ‐lepsis, ‐lepsy | attack, seizure | epilepsy, narcolepsy |
| lept(o)‐ | light, slender | leptomeningeal |
| leuc(o)‐, leuk(o)‐ | denoting a white colour | leukocyte |
| lingu(a)‐, lingu(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the tongue | linguistics |
| lip(o)‐ | fat | liposuction |
| lith(o)‐ | stone, calculus | lithotripsy |
| ‐logist | denotes someone who studies a certain field | oncologist, pathologist |
| log(o)‐ | speech | logopaedics |
| ‐logy | denotes the academic study or practice of a certain field | haematology, urology |
| lymph(o)‐ | lymph | lymphedema |
| lys(o)‐, ‐lytic | dissolution | lysosome |
| ‐lysis | destruction, separation | paralysis |
| macr(o)‐ | large, long | macrophage |
| ‐malacia | softening | osteomalacia |
| mammill(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple | mammillitis |
| mamm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mammogram |
| manu‐ | of or pertaining to the hand | manufacture |
| mast(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the breast | mastectomy |
| meg(a)‐, megal(o)‐, ‐megaly | enlargement, million | splenomegaly, megametre |
| melan(o)‐ | black colour | melanin |
| mening(o)‐ | membrane | meningitis |
| meta‐ | after, behind | metacarpus |
| ‐meter | instrument used to measure or count | sphygmomanometer |
| metr(o)‐ | pertaining to conditions of the uterus | metrorrhagia |
| ‐metry | process of measuring | optometry |
| micro‐ | denoting something as small, or relating to smallness | microscope |
| milli‐ | thousandth | millilitre |
| mon(o)‐ | single | infectious mononucleosis |
| morph(o)‐ | form, shape | morphology |
| muscul(o)‐ | muscle | musculoskeletal system |
| my(o)‐ | of or relating to muscle | myoblast |
| myc(o)‐ | fungus | onychomycosis |
| myel(o)‐ | of or relating to bone marrow or spinal cord | myeloblast |
| myri‐ | ten thousand | myriad |
| myring(o)‐ | eardrum | myringotomy |
| narc(o)‐ | numb, sleep | narcolepsy |
| nas(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | nasal |
| necr(o)‐ | death | necrosis, necrotizing fasciitis |
| neo‐ | new | neoplasm |
| nephr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | nephrology |
| neur(i)‐, neur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to nerves and the nervous system | neurofibromatosis |
| normo‐ | normal | normocapnia |
| ocul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | oculist |
| odont(o)‐ | of or pertaining to teeth | orthodontist |
| odyn(o)‐ | pain | stomatodynia |
| ‐oesophageal, oesophag(o)‐ | gullet | gastroesophageal reflux |
| ‐oid | resemblance to | sarcoidosis |
| ‐ole | small or little | arteriole |
| olig(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘having little, having few’ | oliguria |
| ‐oma (sing.), ‐omata (pl.) | tumour, mass, collection | sarcoma, teratoma |
| onco‐ | tumour, bulk, volume | oncology |
| onych(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nail (of a finger or toe) | onychophagy |
| oo‐ | of or pertaining to an egg, a woman’s egg, the ovum | oogenesis |
| oophor(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the woman’s ovary | oophorectomy |
| ophthalm(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the eye | ophthalmology |
| optic(o)‐ | of or relating to chemical properties of the eye | opticochemical |
| orchi(o)‐, orchid(o)‐, orch(o)‐ | testis | orchiectomy, orchidectomy |
| ‐osis | a condition, disease or increase | ichthyosis, psychosis, osteoporosis |
| osseo‐ | bony | osseous |
| ossi‐ | bone | peripheral ossifying fibroma |
| ost(e)‐, oste(o)‐ | bone | osteoporosis |
| ot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ear | otology |
| ovo‐, ovi‐, ov‐ | of or pertaining to the eggs, the ovum | ovogenesis |
| pachy‐ | thick | pachyderma |
| paed‐, paedo‐ | of or pertaining to the child | paediatrics |
| palpebr‐ | of or pertaining to the eyelid (uncommon as a root) | palpebra |
| pan‐, pant(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘complete’ or containing ‘everything’ | panophobia, panopticon |
| papill‐ | of or pertaining to the nipple (of the chest/breast) | papillitis |
| papul(o)‐ | indicates papulosity, a small elevation or swelling in the skin, a pimple, swelling | papulation |
| para‐ | alongside of, abnormal | paracyesis |
| ‐paresis | slight paralysis | hemiparesis |
| parvo‐ | small | parvovirus |
| path(o)‐ | disease | pathology |
| ‐pathy | denotes (with a negative sense) a disease, or disorder | sociopathy, neuropathy |
| pector‐ | breast | pectoralgia, pectoriloquy, pectorophony |
| ped‐, ‐ped‐, ‐pes | of or pertaining to the foot; ‐footed | pedoscope |
| pelv(i)‐, pelv(o)‐ | hip bone | pelvis |
| ‐penia | deficiency | osteopenia |
| ‐pepsia | denotes something relating to digestion, or the digestive tract | dyspepsia |
| peri‐ | denoting something with a position ‘surrounding’ or ‘around’ another | periodontal |
| ‐pexy | fixation | nephropexy |
| phaco‐ | lens‐shaped | phacolysis, phacometer, phacoscotoma |
| ‐phage, ‐phagia | forms terms denoting conditions relating to eating or ingestion | sarcophagia |
| ‐phago‐ | eating, devouring | phagocyte |
| ‐phagy | forms nouns that denote ‘feeding on’ the first element or part of the word | hematophagy |
| pharmaco‐ | drug, medication | pharmacology |
| pharyng(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the pharynx, the upper throat cavity | pharyngitis, pharyngoscopy |
| phleb(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein | phlebography, phlebotomy |
| ‐phobia | exaggerated fear, sensitivity | arachnophobia |
| phon(o)‐ | sound | phonograph, symphony |
| phot(o)‐ | of or pertaining to light | photopathy |
| phren(i)‐, phren(o)‐, phrenico | the mind | phrenic nerve, schizophrenia |
| ‐plasia | formation, development | achondroplasia |
| ‐plasty | surgical repair, reconstruction | rhinoplasty |
| ‐plegia | paralysis | paraplegia |
| pleio‐ | more, excessive, multiple | pleiomorphism |
| pleur(o)‐, pleur(a) | of or pertaining to the ribs | pleurogenous |
| ‐plexy | stroke or seizure | cataplexy |
| pneumat(o)‐ | air, lung | pneumatocele |
| pneum(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the lungs | pneumonocyte, pneumonia |
| ‐poiesis | production | haematopoiesis |
| poly‐ | denotes a ‘plurality’ of something | polymyositis |
| post‐ | denotes something as ‘after’ or ‘behind’ another | post‐operation, post‐mortem |
| pre‐ | denotes something as ‘before’ another (in [physical] position or time) | premature birth |
| presby(o)‐ | old age | presbyopia |
| prim‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | primary |
| proct(o)‐ | anus, rectum | proctology |
| prot(o)‐ | denotes something as ‘first’ or ‘most important’ | protoneuron |
| pseud(o)‐ | denotes something false or fake | pseudoephedrine |
| psor‐ | itching | psoriasis |
| psych(e)‐, psych(o) | of or pertaining to the mind | psychology, psychiatry |
| ‐ptosis | falling, drooping, downward placement, prolapse | apoptosis, nephroptosis |
| ‐ptysis | (a spitting), spitting, haemoptysis, the spitting of blood derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes | haemoptysis |
| pulmon‐, pulmo‐ | of or relating to the lungs | pulmonary |
| pyel(o)‐ | pelvis | pyelonephritis |
| py(o)‐ | pus | pyometra |
| pyr(o)‐ | fever | antipyretic |
| quadr(i)‐ | four | quadriceps |
| radio‐ | radiation | radiowave |
| ren(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the kidney | renal |
| retro‐ | backward, behind | retroversion, retroverted |
| rhin(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the nose | rhinoplasty |
| rhod(o)‐ | denoting a rose‐red colour | rhodophyte |
| ‐rrhage | burst forth | haemorrhage |
| ‐rrhagia | rapid flow of blood | menorrhagia |
| ‐rrhaphy | surgical suturing | nephrorrhaphy |
| ‐rrhexis | rupture | karyorrhexis |
| ‐rrhoea | flowing, discharge | diarrhoea |
| ‐rupt | break or burst | erupt, interrupt |
| salping(o)‐ | of or pertaining to tubes, e.g. Fallopian tubes | salpingectomy, salpingopharyngeus muscle |
| sangui‐, sanguine‐ | of or pertaining to blood | exsanguination |
| sarco‐ | muscular, flesh‐like | sarcoma |
| scler(o)‐ | hard | scleroderma |
| ‐sclerosis | hardening | atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis |
| scoli(o)‐ | twisted | scoliosis |
| ‐scope | instrument for viewing | stethoscope |
| ‐scopy | use of instrument for viewing | endoscopy |
| semi‐ | one‐half, partly | semiconscious |
| sial(o)‐ | saliva, salivary gland | sialagogue |
| sigmoid(o)‐ | sigmoid, S‐shaped curvature | sigmoid colon |
| sinistr(o)‐ | left, left side | sinistrocardia |
| sinus‐ | of or pertaining to the sinus | sinusitis |
| somat(o)‐, somatico‐ | body, bodily | somatic |
| ‐spadias | slit, fissure | hypospadias, epispadias |
| spasmo‐ | spasm | spasmodic dysphonia |
| sperma(to)‐, spermo‐ | semen, spermatozoa | spermatogenesis |
| splen(o)‐ | spleen | splenectomy |
| spondyl(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the spine, the vertebra | spondylitis |
| squamos(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘full of scales’ or ‘scaly’ | squamous cell |
| stat. | statim | at once |
| ‐stalsis | contraction | peristalsis |
| ‐stasis | stopping, standing | cytostasis, homeostasis |
| ‐staxis | dripping, trickling | epistaxis |
| sten(o)‐ | denoting something as ‘narrow in shape’ or pertaining to narrowness | stenography |
| ‐stenosis | abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure | restenosis, stenosis |
| stomat(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the mouth | stomatogastric, stomatognathic system |
| ‐stomy | creation of an opening | colostomy |
| sub‐ | beneath | subcutaneous tissue |
| super‐ | in excess, above, superior | superior vena cava |
| supra‐ | above, excessive | supraorbital vein |
| tachy‐ | denoting something as fast, irregularly fast | tachycardia |
| ‐tension, ‐tensive | pressure | hypertension |
| tetan‐ | rigid, tense | tetanus |
| thec‐ | case, sheath | intrathecal |
| therap‐ | treatment | hydrotherapy, therapeutic |
| therm(o)‐ | heat | thermometer |
| thorac(i)‐, thorac(o)‐, thoracico‐ | of or pertaining to the upper chest, chest; the area above the breast and under the neck | thorax |
| thromb(o)‐ | of or relating to a blood clot, clotting of blood | thrombus, thrombocytopenia |
| thyr(o)‐ | thyroid | thyrocele |
| thym‐ | emotions | dysthymia |
| ‐tome | cutting instrument | osteotome |
| ‐tomy | act of cutting; incising, incision | gastrotomy |
| tono‐ | tone, tension, pressure | tonometer |
| ‐tony | tension | |
| top(o)‐ | place, topical | topical anaesthetic |
| tort(i)‐ | twisted | torticollis |
| tox(i)‐, tox(o)‐, toxic(o)‐ | toxin, poison | toxoplasmosis |
| trache(a)‐ | trachea | tracheotomy |
| trachel(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the neck | tracheloplasty |
| trans‐ | denoting something as moving or situated ‘across’ or ‘through’ | transfusion |
| tri‐ | three | triangle |
| trich(i)‐, trichia, trich(o)‐ | of or pertaining to hair, hair‐like structure | trichocyst |
| ‐tripsy | crushing | lithotripsy |
| ‐trophy | nourishment, development | pseudohypertrophy |
| tympan(o)‐ | eardrum | tympanocentesis |
| ‐ula, ‐ule | small | nodule |
| ultra‐ | beyond, excessive | ultrasound |
| un(i)‐ | one | unilateral hearing loss |
| ur(o)‐ | of or pertaining to urine, the urinary system; (specifically) pertaining to the physiological chemistry of urine | urology |
| uter(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the uterus or womb | uterus |
| vagin‐ | of or pertaining to the vagina | vagina |
| varic(o)‐ | swollen or twisted vein | varicose |
| vasculo‐ | blood vessel | vasculotoxicity |
| vas(o)‐ | duct, blood vessel | vasoconstriction |
| ven‐ | of or pertaining to the (blood) veins, a vein (used in terms pertaining to the vascular system) | vein, venospasm |
| ventricul(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the ventricles; any hollow region inside an organ | cardiac ventriculography |
| ventr(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the belly; the stomach cavities | ventrodorsal |
| ‐version | turning | anteversion, retroversion |
| vesic(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the bladder | vesical arteries |
| viscer(o)‐ | of or pertaining to the internal organs, the viscera | viscera |
| xanth(o)‐ | denoting a yellow colour, an abnormally yellow colour | xanthopathy |
| xen(o)‐ | foreign, different | xenograft |
| xer(o)‐ | dry, desert‐like | xerostomia |
| zo(o)‐ | animal, animal life | zoology |
| zym(o)‐ | fermentation | enzyme, lysozyme |
Abbreviations
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