Richard I. G. Holt - Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A pancreatic islet surrounded by exocrine tissue. β‐cells are de...Figure 10.2 Congenital hyperinsulinism (diffuse form). Immunohistochemistry ...Figure 10.3 Necrolytic migratory erythema in a man with the glucagonoma synd...Figure 10.4 Synthesis and degradation of serotonin. *Rate‐limiting step: two...Figure 10.5 Two mechanisms for tumour formation. Mutated or silenced genes a...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Worldwide prevalence of diabetes in 2019 with projected figures ...Figure 11.2 International Diabetes Federation estimates of the current and p...Figure 11.3 The Amadori reaction leading to the formation of glycated haemog...Figure 11.4 Representative distribution of fasting plasma glucose within the...Figure 11.5 Relationship between plasma glycated haemoglobin and microvascul...Figure 11.6 Insulin synthesis and secretion from the β cells of pancreatic i...Figure 11.7 The endocrine pancreas. (a) Small clusters of cells, the islets ...Figure 11.8 Characteristic biphasic release of insulin.Figure 11.9 Mechanism of insulin secretion. After uptake, glucose is metabol...Figure 11.10 Insulin signalling cascade. IRS, insulin receptor substrate; PI...Figure 11.11 Regulation of blood glucose concentration. Tissue utilization o...Figure 11.12 Inter‐relationships among alternative routes of glucose metabol...Figure 11.13 Regulation of acetyl co‐enzyme A (CoA) carboxylase by allosteri...Figure 11.14 The synergistic actions of insulin, IGF‐I, and GH on protein sy...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Annual number of new cases of type 1 diabetes per 100,000 childr...Figure 12.2 Life‐expectancy and type 1 diabetes in a Scottish cohort. Life‐e...Figure 12.3 The natural history of type 1 diabetes. In stage 1, an autoimmun...Figure 12.4 Pictures of one of the first people with diabetes to receive ins...Figure 12.5 Normal insulin secretion throughout a 24‐h period. There is a lo...Figure 12.6 The timeline of the development of insulin. Banting and Best fir...Figure 12.7 Schematic of the time action of profiles of various insulin prep...Figure 12.8 Schematic representation of insulin profiles with different regi...Figure 12.9 Sites for injection.Figure 12.10 (a) An old insulin needle and syringe. (b) A modern insulin syr...Figure 12.11 (a) Person with type 1 diabetes wearing a Medtronic Minimed Mio...Figure 12.12 Freestyle Optium Neo glucose meter.Figure 12.13 (a) Man wearing Freestyle Libre sensor in the kitchen; (b) Woma...Figure 12.14 Hypoglycaemia unawareness. The thresholds for activation of hyp...Figure 12.15 Biochemistry of diabetic ketoacidosis. Hormone‐sensitive lipase...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Prevalence of diabetes in selected countries in the age range of...Figure 13.2 Top ten countries for number of people with diabetes in the age ...Figure 13.3 Diabetes prevalence in white US men and women by age (2015).Figure 13.4 Risk of developing diabetes according to body mass index in 114,...Figure 13.5 The pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. The cardinal features ar...Figure 13.6 (a) Endogenous insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes and under no...Figure 13.7 Natural history of insulin resistance and insulin secretion in t...Figure 13.8 (a) Under normal physiological conditions, the renal tubule re‐a...Figure 13.9 The imperative for screening for type 2 diabetes. It is estimate...Figure 13.10 Main sites of action for antidiabetes agents. Different antidia...Figure 13.11 Ligand‐activated nuclear hormone receptors (review Chapter 3). ...Figure 13.12 Thiazolidinediones: mode of action. After the thiazolidinedione...Figure 13.13 How thiazolidinediones enhance insulin action and normalize blo...Figure 13.14 Actions of GLP‐1 and mode of action of DPP‐4 inhibitors and GLP...Figure 13.15 Gastrointestinal carbohydrate digestion and site of action of a...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 The chronic microvascular and macrovascular complications of dia...Figure 14.2 Effect of improved glycaemic management on diabetes (DM) related...Figure 14.3 Molecular mechanisms that may be important in the generation of ...Figure 14.4 Sorbitol Polyol Pathway. The normal function of aldose reductase...Figure 14.5 Retinal photographs reproduced with the kind permission of the U...Figure 14.6 A suggested plan for annual screening for kidney disease in diab...Figure 14.7 Algorithm for management of painful neuropathy in people with di...Figure 14.8 Plantar ulcer in a person with diabetes. Note how dry the skin a...Figure 14.9 Infected diabetic ulcer on the dorsum of the foot.Figure 14.10 (a) The combination of infection and vascular disease puts the ...Figure 14.11 Active Charcot arthropathy.Figure 14.12 Plantar ulcer in a patient with diabetes whose foot has become ...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The global prevalence of obesity in 2016.Figure 15.2 All‐cause mortality versus BMI for men and women in the range 15...Figure 15.3 Model of regulation of food intake. Appetite is stimulated by ne...Figure 15.4 What is a successful outcome?Figure 15.5 Rationale of 500 kcal deficit diet.Figure 15.6 Additive effects of diet and drugs.

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