Richard I. G. Holt - Essential Endocrinology and Diabetes

15 Chapter 15Table 15.1 The World Health Organization assessment of sex‐specific waist cir...Table 15.2 Physical health risks associated with obesityTable 15.3 Genetic causes of and associations with obesityTable 15.4 Examples of how the size of commercially available portions has in...Table 15.5 Examples of light, moderate & vigorous physical activityTable 15.6 Examples of public health policies to prevent weight gain in the p...Table 15.7 Health benefits associated with 10% weight lossTable 15.8 Choice of treatment modality for obesity according to body mass in...Table 15.9 Clinical assessment of a person with obesityTable 15.10 Pharmacotherapy for obesity

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Chemical signalling in the endocrine and neural systems. (a) In e... Figure 1.2 The sites of the principal endocrine glands. While the stomach, k... Figure 1.3 The structures of vasopressin and oxytocin are remarkably similar... Figure 1.4 Control systems regulating hormone production and circulating lev...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Cell division. Prior to mitosis and meiosis, the cell undergoes a... Figure 2.2 Schematic representation of a gene, transcription and translation... Figure 2.3 (a) Peptide hormone‐synthesizing and (b) steroid hormone‐synthesi... Figure 2.4 Potential post‐translational modifications of peptide hormones. F... Figure 2.5 Synthesis of cholesterol. Step ① is catalyzed by the enzyme thiol... Figure 2.6 Overview of the major steroidogenic pathways. Yellow shading indi...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 The different classes of hormone receptor. Some cell‐surface rece... Figure 3.2 Basic components of a membrane‐spanning cell‐surface receptor. Th... Figure 3.3 Hormone–receptor systems are saturable. Increasing amounts of lab... Figure 3.4 Hormone–receptor interactions are reversible. Constant amounts of... Figure 3.5 Intracellular signalling via phosphorylation. (a) Amino acids ser... Figure 3.6 The insulin receptor and a simplified view of its signalling path... Figure 3.7 Growth hormone (GH) signalling and its antagonism. GH binds to it... Figure 3.8 Growth hormone (GH) receptor and its signalling pathways. The rec... Figure 3.9 Laron syndrome showing truncal obesity. This boy presented aged 1... Figure 3.10 G‐protein–coupled receptors. The extracellular domain is ligand‐... Figure 3.11 Second messengers that mediate G‐protein–coupled receptor signal... Figure 3.12 Hormonal activation of G‐protein–coupled receptors can link to d... Figure 3.13 Familial male precocious puberty (‘testotoxicosis’). This 2‐year... Figure 3.14 McCune–Albright syndrome. At 6 years of age, this girl presented... Figure 3.15 The activation of protein kinase A, a cAMP‐dependent protein kin... Figure 3.16 Hormonal stimulation of intracellular phospholipid turnover and ... Figure 3.17 Eicosanoid signalling. Arachidonic acid, released by phospholipa... Figure 3.18 Simplified schematic of nuclear hormone action. (a) Free hormone... Figure 3.19 The nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. The receptors, named a... Figure 3.20 Nuclear hormone receptor–DNA interactions. (a) Steroid hormone r...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 The basics of immunoassay are shown for growth hormone (GH; see t... Figure 4.2 The basics of an immunometric assay for growth hormone (GH; also ... Figure 4.3 The basics of an immunoassay for thyroxine (T4; also see text). A... Figure 4.4 Fluorescent in situ hybridization in a patient with congenital hy... Figure 4.5 The basic principles of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR ... Figure 4.6 Ultrasound of a polycystic ovary. The presence of multiple small ... Figure 4.7 Abdominal computed tomography (CT) with contrast. This patient pr... Figure 4.8 Magnetic resonance imaging of a pituitary tumour. (a) T1‐weighted... Figure 4.9 mIBG uptake by a phaeochromocytoma. A whole‐body I 123mIBG scan w...

5 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 The human pituitary gland forms at ∼8 weeks of development. The b... Figure 5.2 Highly simplified structure of the hypothalamus and its neural an... Figure 5.3 Visual field assessment. There is a bitemporal loss of the lower ... Figure 5.4 Endocrine feedback circuits. The diagram shows interactions betwe... Figure 5.5 Summary of the regulation and effects of growth hormone (GH). Som... Figure 5.6 A 24‐h profile of serum growth hormone (GH) in a normal 7‐year‐ol... Figure 5.7 Dynamic tests of growth hormone (GH) status. (a) In an oral gluco...Figure 5.8 Two patients with acromegaly. (a) Patient 1. Note the large facia...Figure 5.9 Short stature due to growth hormone (GH) deficiency and the effec...Figure 5.10 Summary of the regulation and effects of prolactin. For the infl...Figure 5.11 The cleavage of pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC). Adrenocorticotrophi...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Development of the adrenal gland. The cortex is derived in part f...Figure 6.2 Section through the adrenal cortex. (a) The blood vessels run fro...Figure 6.3 Biosynthesis of adrenocortical steroid hormones. HSD3B activity i...Figure 6.4 The hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–adrenal axis. Higher brain fu...Figure 6.5 Typical diurnal variations in serum cortisol. Levels peak in the ...Figure 6.6 The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone axis. A fall in extracellular f...Figure 6.7 The structure of a nephron and the juxtaglomerular apparatus. (a)...Figure 6.8 The effects of glucocorticoid excess in Cushing disease and the b...Figure 6.9 Cushing syndrome due to an adrenocortical adenoma secreting corti...Figure 6.10 Ambiguous genitalia of a 46,XX infant with congenital adrenal hy...Figure 6.11 The synthesis, storage and release of catecholamines from the ch...Figure 6.12 The synthesis (upper half) and degradation (lower half) of catec...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Sex determination and sex differentiation. (a) Cross‐section of a...Figure 7.2 Differentiation of the internal genitalia. (a) The bipotential sta...Figure 7.3 Development of the external genitalia. DHT, 5α‐dihydrotestosteron...Figure 7.4 Genitalia of a 2‐year old with a 46,XY difference in sex developm...Figure 7.5 A testis in cross‐section. (a) The testis is organized into lobul...Figure 7.6 The structure of the seminiferous tubule. Sertoli cells span the ...Figure 7.7 The biosynthesis of androgens in Leydig cells. Earlier steps can ...Figure 7.8 The hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–testicular axis. Negative fee...Figure 7.9 The stages of pubertal development in males and females as define...Figure 7.10 Follicle growth, maturation and ovulation. The entire process ta...Figure 7.11 The 28‐day menstrual cycle. The start of menstruation is day 1 o...Figure 7.12 The two‐cell biosynthesis of oestrogens. Luteinizing hormone (LH...Figure 7.13 The hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–ovarian axis. Note the varia...Figure 7.14 Changes in the uterine endometrium during the menstrual cycle. (...Figure 7.15 The role of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) in postponing me...Figure 7.16 Steroid production in the feto‐placental unit.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The thyroid gland and its downward migration. The point of origin...Figure 8.2 Histology of the human thyroid gland. (a) Euthyroid follicles are...Figure 8.3 The structures of active and inactive thyroid hormones and their ...Figure 8.4 Thyroid hormone biosynthesis within the follicular cell. Active i...Figure 8.5 A large goitre caused by iodine deficiency in rural Africa. Note ...Figure 8.6 The hypothalamic–anterior pituitary–thyroid axis. The more active...Figure 8.7 Metabolism of thyroid hormones in the circulation. Four times mor...Figure 8.8 Hyperthyroidism caused by Graves disease in a young woman. The do...Figure 8.9 Complications of Graves disease. (a–c) Examples of thyroid eye di...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Calcium homeostasis. In an adult, daily net absorption from the g...Figure 9.2 The sources and metabolism of vitamin D.Figure 9.3 Synthesis of calcitriol. (a) UV irradiation opens the B ring of 7...Figure 9.4 Effects of changing Ca 2+and PO 4 3−on renal hydroxylation ...Figure 9.5 Section through the fetal pharynx illustrating development of the...Figure 9.6 Parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in response to serum Ca 2+. (a...Figure 9.7 Short fourth metacarpals in pseudohypoparathyroidism.Figure 9.8 Venous sampling for parathyroid hormone (PTH) prior to surgery to...Figure 9.9 Bone remodelling. Mechanical stress influences bone remodelling w...Figure 9.10 Changes in bone mass during life in men and women.Figure 9.11 Rickets. (a) Bowing of the tibiae in a 3‐year‐old. (b) Radiologi...