A. Kayode Coker - Petroleum Refining Design and Applications Handbook

3 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Cross-sectional view of a vertical inline pump (by permission from K...Figure 16.2 Turbine pump (courtesy of Roth Pump Co.).Figure 16.3 Centrifugal pump increases process head by adding energy to a fluid....Figure 16.4 Head required to produce similar pressures is higher for lower densi...Figure 16.5 Impeller types. Open impeller for corrosive or abrasive slurries and...Figure 16.6 Stuffing box details lined pump with porcelain or Teflon ®shaft slee...Figure 16.7 Packed stuffing box (courtesy of Dean Brothers Pumps, Inc.).Figure 16.8a Basic components of all mechanical seals (by permission from Adams,...Figure 16.8b The three sealing points in mechanical seals (by permission from Sn...Figure 16.9 (a) Double mechanical seal, two rotary elements against common stati...Figure 16.9 (c) Typical seal flush arrangement for double mechanical seals.Figure 16.9 (d) Typical seal flush arrangement for tandem mechanical seals.Figure 16.10 Typical single mechanical seal inside pump stuffing box (courtesy o...Figure 16.11 Area relationship for unbalanced seal construction (by permission f...Figure 16.12 Area relationship for balanced seal construction (by permission fro...Figure 16.13 Single outside balanced seal (courtesy of Durametallic Corp.).Figure 16.14 General service centrifugal pump (courtesy of Dean Brothers Pumps, ...Figure 16.15 Cut-a-way section of single-stage pump, Part 1 (above) enclosed typ...Figure 16.16 Comparison of impeller types for centrifugal pump performance (adap...Figure 16.17 Performance of turbine type centrifugal pump (courtesy of Roy E. Ro...Figure 16.18 Characteristics of a centrifugal pump are described by the pump per...Figure 16.19 Impeller performance guide. Wrap refers to curvature of vanes on im...Figure 16.20a Operating point for centrifugal pumps in series [38].Figure 16.20b Operating curves of two duplicate centrifugal pumps in series and ...Figure 16.21a Typical centrifugal pump curves (adapted by permission from Allis-...Figure 16.21b Typical performance curves showing NPSHR in convenient form (by pe...Figure 16.21c Exact same pump casing and impellers at different shaft speeds (by...Figure 16.21d Operating point for centrifugal pumps in parallel [38].Figure 16.21e Pump sizing calculation (SI units) for reflux centrifugal pump of ...Figure 16.22 Motor driven centrifugal pump for the pre-flashed crude in the crud...Figure 16.23 Main distillation tower and a mild vacuum column with associated ce...Figure 16.24a Comparison of columns of various liquids to register 43.3 psig on ...Figure 16.24b Comparison of columns of various liquids to register 3.0 barg on p...Figure 16.25 Suction head system.Figure 16.26 Suction lift system.Figure 16.27a Static head, overall = H + L (adapted by permission, Centrifugal P...Figure 16.27b Static head, overall = H – S (adapted by permission, Centrifugal P...Figure 16.27c Pressure head (adapted by permission, Centrifugal Pumps Fundamenta...Figure 16.27d Pressure head, positive suction (adapted by permission, Centrifuga...Figure 16.27e Pressure head with negative suction (adapted by permission, Centri...Figure 16.27f Pumping arrangement for Example 5-2 (adapted by permission, Centri...Figure 16.28 Typical suction systems (adapted by permission, Carter, R. and Kara...Figure 16.29 Typical discharge systems.Figure 16.30 Static pressure losses occur as the fluid travels into the pump suc...Figure 16.31 NPSH Aequals 20 ft [27].Figure 16.32 NPSH Rincreases with flow [27].Figure 16.33 Subcooling increases NPSH A[27].Figure 16.34 (a) Cavitation damage has occurred on an impeller and (b) erosion–c...Figure 16.35 Liquid vortex in vessel and suggested design of vortex breaker.Figure 16.36 NPSH Aand NPSH Rvs. capacity in a pumping system [37].Figure 16.37 Effect of insufficient NPSH on the performance of a centrifugal pum...Figure 16.38 Effect of throttling the discharge valve on the operating point of ...Figure 16.39 Surface condenser condensate removal. Closed system steam surface c...Figure 16.40 High altitude process vacuum system, NPSH requirements.Figure 16.41 NPSH reductions for pumps handling hydrocarbon liquids and high tem...Figure 16.42 Head, NPSH Rvs. flow rate [25].Figure 16.43 Net positive suction head for high pressure centrifugal hot-water p...Figure 16.44 Temperature correction chart for net positive suction head requirem...Figure 16.45 Impeller designs and corresponding specific speed range (by permiss...Figure 16.46 Upper limits of specific speeds for single suction overhung impelle...Figure 16.47 Upper limits of specific speeds for single suction, mixed, and axia...Figure 16.48 Typical centrifugal pump characteristic curve with auxiliary specif...Figure 16.49 System head curves for single pump installation.Figure 16.50 System head curves for variable static head.Figure 16.51 System head using two different pipe sizes in same line.Figure 16.52 System head for branch piping with different static lifts.Figure 16.53 Relation of speed change to pump characteristics.Figure 16.54 Piping and equipment layout for the suction and discharge lines to ...Figure 16.55 Pump sizing calculation of Example 16.20.Figure 16.56 Pump sizing calculation (metric units) for reflux LPG centrifugal p...Figure 16.57 Pump efficiency calculation at varying flow rate for a 6-in. impell...Figure 16.58 Pump efficiency calculation at varying flow rate for an 8-in. impel...Figure 16.59a Viscosity performance correction chart for centrifugal pumps...Figure 16.59b Viscosity correction chart (source: Hydraulic Institute, USA).Figure 16.59c Performance correction chart (source: The Hydraulic Institute, USA...Figure 16.60 Viscosity performance correction chart for small centrifugal pumps ...Figure 16.61 Typical curves showing the effect on a pump designed for water when...Figure 16.62 Sample performance curve.Figure 16.63 Typical temperature rise for boiler feed water pump (by permission ...Figure 16.64 Temperature rise in centrifugal pumps in terms of total head and pu...Figure 16.65a Centrifugal pump specification.Figure 16.65b Centrifugal pump calculation sheet.Figure 16.66 Sump design. Note: S = (1.5 – 2)Bd.Figure 16.67 Acceptable sump arrangement for multiple pumps.Figure 16.68 Rotary pumps (by permission from Dolman, R. E., Chem. Eng., Mar. 19...Figure 16.69a Diaphragm metering pump, “Pulsa” series. One of several styles/typ...Figure 16.69b Typical rotary gear pump (by permission from Viking Pump, Inc., Un...Figure 16.69c Sliding vane rotary pump (by permission from Blackmer Pump, Dover ...Figure 16.70 General service duplex steam-driven piston pump (courtesy of Worthi...Figure 16.71 Duplex double-acting plunger pump, power driven (courtesy of Worthi...Figure 16.72 Reciprocating pump discharge flow pattern (courtesy of the Aldrich ...Figure 16.73 Horizontal direct-acting steam pump or power pump.Figure 16.74 A conceptual diagram of P-100 with the variables.Figure 16.75 PFD of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honeywell ®and UniSi...Figure 16.76 Head vs. flow rate of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honey...Figure 16.77 Efficiency vs. flow rate of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443,...Figure 16.78 PFD of a centrifugal pump (UniSim Design R443, Honeywell ®and UniSi...Figure 16.79 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (UniSim Design R443, H...Figure 16.80 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (Continued) (UniSim De...Figure 16.81 Simulation results of centrifugal pump P-100 (Continued) (UniSim De...Figure 16.82 Process flow diagram of the piping network from the supply tank via...Figure 16.83 Isometric diagram of the piping network from the supply tank via N-...Figure 16.84 Centrifugal pump characteristics (source: Pump-FLO TM, Engineered So...Figure 16.85 Pump data sheet of N-S centrifugal pump (source: Pump-FLO TM, Engine...Figure 16.86 Partly plugged drawoff nozzle [27].Figure 16.87 Most common cause of cavitation [27].Figure 16.88 Main column bottom system [34].Figure 16.89 Main column bottom pump level [34].Figure 16.90 Main column bottom quench system [34].Figure 16.91 Pressure survey of the pump suction line [44].Figure 16.92 Pressure survey of the pump suction line across strainer [44].Figure 16.93 Column outlet piping scheme and pressure survey.Figure 16.94 Original and modified strainer.Figure 16.95 Suction valve and position indicator as found after the incident (s...Figure 16.96 Depressurizing hose (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.97 Damage to area of the pump (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.98 Plugging material found in discharge valve (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.99 Spare pump valve wrench collar (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.100 Plug valve in the open position (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.101 Suction valve and position indicator (source: www.csb.gov).Figure 16.102 Typical root causes of pump failures and resulting impacts [40].