National Identity and State Formation in Africa

10 Index

11 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 8 Figure 8.1A sticker seen on many cars in the Western Cape (private collection).

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Edited by Manuel Castells and Bernard Lategan

polity

Copyright © Manuel Castells and Bernard Lategan 2021

The right of Manuel Castells and Bernard Lategan to be identified as Editors of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2021 by Polity Press

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All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4562-9

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

This book is the outcome of a three-year research project (2017–2019), initiated by the Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS) under the leadership of Manuel Castells (a Permanent Visiting Fellow of STIAS) and Bernard Lategan (the Founding Director of STIAS).

STIAS promotes high-level, innovative and interdisciplinary research (for more details, see https://www.stias.ac.za). For this project, a group of twelve experts were invited to explore the contradictory dynamics of globalization and identity and how this interaction is reshaping Africa in the twenty-first century. The result is a highly original book offering insights with historical, social, political, conceptual and methodological implications.

The Editors would like to thank

The contributors for their expertise and their constructive and open discussions in the best tradition of intellectual pursuit.

STIAS and especially its Director, Professor Edward Kirumira, for the conducive work environment of the Institute and for the generous support of both the project and the publication.

Polity Press and especially Professor John Thompson for their highly professional service and support.

Manuel Castells and Bernard Lategan Barcelona and Stellenbosch

March 2020

Prof. Carlson Anyangwe, Adjunct Professor of International and Human Rights Law, Nelson Mandela School of Law, University of Fort Hare, formerly Rector of the Butterworth Campus, Walter Sisulu University, South Africa

Prof. Manuel Castells, Wallis Annenberg Chair, University of Southern California

Mary de Haas, Honorary Research Associate, School of Law, University of KwaZulu-Natal

Prof. Albert Grundlingh, Emeritus Professor, Department of History, Stellenbosch University

Marizanne Grundlingh, Lecturer, Varsity College, Cape Town

Prof. Bernard Lategan, Founding Director, STIAS and Emeritus Professor, Stellenbosch University

Prof. Francis B. Nyamnjoh, Department of Social Anthropology, University of Cape Town

Prof. Eghosa E. Osaghae, Tenured Professor of Comparative Politics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Dr Jabulani Sithole, Director, Mzala Nxumalo Centre, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa

Dr Danelle van Zyl-Hermann, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, University of Basel and Research Fellow, University of the Free State

Prof. Samson S. Wassara, Director, Institute of Peace, Development and Security Studies (IPDSS), University of Juba, South Sudan

Prof. Bahru Zewde, Emeritus Professor of History, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia

ANCAfrican National CongressANCYLANC Youth LeagueAWBAfrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (Afrikaner Resistance Movement)AUAfrican UnionBADBantu Affairs DepartmentBCBefore ChristBDPBotswana Democratic PartyBPPBotswana People’s PartyCEOChief Executive OfficerCERDCommittee for the Elimination of Racial DiscriminationCNCChief Native CommissionerCODESAConvention for a Democratic South AfricaCODESRIACouncil for the Development of Social Science Research in AfricaCOPECongress of the PeopleCOSAGConcerned South Africa GroupCPConservative PartyCPAComprehensive Peace AgreementCPSACommunist Party of South AfricaDADemocratic AllianceDCDistrict CommissionerDOPDeclaration of PrinciplesDUPDemocratic Unionist PartyECEthiopian Calendar (seven/eight years later than Gregorian Calendar)ECOWASCommission of the Economic Community of West African StatesELFEritrean Liberation FrontELMEritrean Liberation MovementEPLFEritrean People’s Liberation FrontEPRAEthiopian People’s Liberation ArmyEPRDFEthiopian Peoples’ Revolutionary Democratic FrontEPRPEthiopian People’s Revolutionary PartyFAKFederation of Afrikaans Cultural OrganisationsGNUGovernment of National UnityGoSSGovernment of Southern SudanHECHigh Executive CouncilHLPHigh-Level PanelICSSInterim Constitution of South SudanICUIndustrial and Commercial Workers UnionIFPInkatha Freedom PartyIGADIntergovernmental Authority on DevelopmentILOInternational Labour OrganizationIMFInternational Monetary FundITIngonyama TrustITAIngonyama Trust ActKADUKenyan African Democratic UnionKANUKenyan African National UnionKLAKwaZulu Legislative AssemblyKZNKwaZulu-NatalKZPKwaZulu PoliceMa’ison (Amharic)All-Ethiopia Socialist MovementMCPMalawi Congress PartyMPMember of ParliamentMWUMineworkers’ UnionNABANTUKOPNatal Bantu Co-operative SocietyNADNative Affairs DepartmentNATONorth Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNBTUNatal Bantu Teachers’ UnionNEUMNon-European Unity MovementNGONon-governmental organisationNICNatal Indian CongressNMCNative Military CorpsNPNational PartyNPANational Prosecuting AuthorityNUPNational Unionist PartyNZRFUNew Zealand Rugby Football UnionOAUOrganisation of African UnityOFSOrange Free StateOLFOromo Liberation FrontONLFOgaden National Liberation FrontOPDOOromo People’s Democratic OrganisationPACPan Africanist CongressRdCRépublique du CamerounSACOSSouth African Council of SportSACTUSouth African Congress of Trade UnionsSADCSouthern African Development CommunitySANUSudan African National UnionSAPSouth African PoliceSARFUSouth African Rugby Football UnionSARUSouth African Rugby UnionSCSouthern CameroonsSPLM/ASudan People’s Liberation Movement/ArmySSUSudan Socialist UnionSTIASStellenbosch Institute for Advanced StudyTCRSSTransitional Constitution of the Republic of South SudanTICTransvaal Indian CongressTLSATeachers’ League of South AfricaTPLFTigray/Tegrean People’s Liberation FrontUDFUnion Defence ForceUDFUnited Democratic FrontUFPUnited Federal PartyUKUnited KingdomUNUnited NationsUNIPUnited National Independent PartyUNDPUnited Nations Development ProgrammeUSUnited StatesUTPUnited Tanganyika PartyZARSouth African Republic/TransvaalZulu SocietyZulu Language and Cultural Society