Electrical and Electronic Devices, Circuits, and Materials

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 SD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.2 DD model of PV cell [19].Figure 11.3 Comparison of the P-V and I-V curves for SDM (Solar World Pro).Figure 11.4 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for AS-6P30 SDM.Figure 11.5 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for SW280 SDM.Figure 11.6 Comparison of PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 SDM.Figure 11.7 PV and IV characteristics for Solar World Pro DDM.Figure 11.8 PV and IV comparison characteristics for AS-6P30 DDM.Figure 11.9 P-V and I-V curves comparison for Solar World Plus DDM.Figure 11.10 Comparison of the PV and IV characteristics for Nemy JB270M-60 DDM.

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Solar power technologies.Figure 12.2 Examples of stand-alone PV system.Figure 12.3 Examples of grid connected PV system.Figure 12.4 Examples of concentrates solar power.Figure 12.5 Solar water heater.Figure 12.6 Passive solar design.Figure 12.7 A conceptual schematic of solar microgrid system.Figure 12.8 Components of solar PV systems.Figure 12.9 Types of batteries involved in PV system.Figure 12.10 Types of sensors used IoT.Figure 12.11 Controllers and communication devices used in IoT.Figure 12.12 Block diagram of remotely monitoring system.Figure 12.13 Monitoring of PV system using IoT.

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on synchronous b...Figure 13.2 Desired load voltage and current waveform of synchronous step-up con...Figure 13.3 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture based on SI-DISO step-...Figure 13.4 Voltage output and current waveform of SI-DSO step up chopper.Figure 13.5 Circuit diagram of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...Figure 13.6 Circuit of multi-input step-up chopper in state-1.Figure 13.7 State-2 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.8 State-3 circuit of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.9 Generated PWM signals for power switch in multi-input boost converte...Figure 13.10 Load voltage and current waveforms of multi-input step-up chopper.Figure 13.11 One-diode model of solar cell.Figure 13.12 PV equivalent circuit in MATLAB/SIMULINK.Figure 13.13 V-I Characteristics of PV.Figure 13.14 Generated gating pulses for power switch in chopper circuit with PV...Figure 13.15 Output voltage and current waveform of PV interfaced multi-input st...Figure 13.16 Switching pattern for the front-end rectifier.Figure 13.17 Output voltage waveform of front-end rectifier.Figure 13.18 Hardware setup of hybrid source architecture with multi-input step-...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Flow diagram of proposed hybrid methods.Figure 14.2 Selected graphical plots of the test functions.

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 SILAR technique for the preparation of nanostructured CdS thin films...Figure 15.2 Variation of CdS thin film thickness with SILAR cycles.Figure 15.3 XRD pattern of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin fi...Figure 15.4 Raman spectra of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thin ...Figure 15.5 SEM photographs of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 and RP8 CdS thi...Figure 15.6 The variation of (αhν) 2against hν of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, ...Figure 15.7 Images of water contact angle of RP1, RP2, RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7 a...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Classification of solar cell.Figure 16.2 Solar PV system.Figure 16.3 Incident light on a typical pn solar cell.Figure 16.4 Single diode diagram of PV cell and practical PV equivalent circuit.Figure 16.5 IV characteristics of ideal PV cell.Figure 16.6 PV characteristics of PV practical cell.Figure 16.7 Series configuration.Figure 16.8 Parallel configuration.Figure 16.9 Series parallel configuration.Figure 16.10 Bridge linked configuration.Figure 16.11 Honeycomb (HC) type configuration.Figure 16.12 On-grid system.Figure 16.13 On Grid System with Battery Backup.Figure 16.14 Off-grid System.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Single-diode model.Figure 17.2 Double-diode model.Figure 17.3 Three-diode model.Figure 17.4 Different phases of Harris hawks’ optimization (HHO) [23].Figure 17.5 Convergence curve for an SD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.6 Convergence curve for an SD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.7 Convergence curve for an SD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.8 Convergence curve for a DD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.9 Convergence curve for a DD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.10 Convergence curve for a DD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).Figure 17.11 Convergence curve for a TD model (Kyocera KC200GT).Figure 17.12 Convergence curve for a TD model (Solarex MSX-60).Figure 17.13 Convergence curve for a TD model (Canadian Solar CS6K-280M).

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Durant plant as boundary.Figure 18.2 Duranta golden plant.Figure 18.3 Wi-Fi analyzer.Figure 18.4 Signal strength variation at 3.45 meter.Figure 18.5 Signal strength variation at 10.0 meter.

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Design structure of 25 layers MQWs based heterojunction solar cell.Figure 19.2 Structure of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.3 Simulated GaSb/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.4 Doping profile of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.5 I-V curve of GaSb/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.6 Structure of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.7 Simulated InGaP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.8 Doping profile of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.9 I-V Curve of InGaP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.10 Structure of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.11 Simulated InP/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.12 Doping profile of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.13 I-V curve of InP/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.14 Structure of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.15 Simulated AlGaAs/GaAs band diagram.Figure 19.16 Doping Profile of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.17 I-V curve of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.18 Effect of varying thickness of AlGaAs/GaAs MQW solar cell.Figure 19.19 Effect of varying doping concentration for 5nm layer thickness.Figure 19.20 Effect of varying doping concentration for 10nm layer thickness.Figure 19.21 Varying Cathode Current with Anode Voltage (a) Complete (b) Magnifi...Figure 19.22 (a) I scfor different heterojunction based solar cells (b) V ocfor ...Figure 19.23 (a) Fill factor for different solar cells (b) Efficiency for differ...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Features affecting dust settlement on the PV panel surface [8].Figure 20.2 Various types of cleaning systems [37].Figure 20.3 Self-mechanical cleaning method [45].Figure 20.4 Electrodynamic screens diagram [35].Figure 20.5 Drone-based autonomous dust cleaning system [52].Figure 20.6 Water droplets on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic surface [57].

21 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.Figure 21.2 Depiction of sunlight-based board.Figure 21.3 Depiction of lead corrosive battery.

22 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Typical representation of a thin film solar cell architecture (a) su...Figure 22.2 Maximum theoretical efficiency obtainable for TFSC absorbers with di...Figure 22.3 Crystal structure of Kesterite CZTS (Cu 2ZnSnS 4) (orange: Cu, blue: S...Figure 22.4 The schematic of the CZTS thin film solar cell.Figure 22.5 UV-test results, left shows clear side and right shows the foggy sid...Figure 22.6 Vacuum coating system used to fabricate thin film solar cell.Figure 22.7 (a) Molybdenum target and (b) substrate holder.Figure 22.8 Photograph of RF sputtering of window layer.Figure 22.9 Photograph of Cr and Ag deposition chamber.Figure 22.10 Finger type grid used to deposit of Cr/Ag contact.Figure 22.11 Fabricated CZTS solar cells (a) without scribing and, (b) with mech...Figure 22.12 Typical I-V characteristic of solar cell.Figure 22.13 I-V characteristics of 1D CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.14 I-V characteristics of 1D4S CZTS solar cell.Figure 22.15 I-V characteristics of 1D5S CZTS solar cell under dark (dotted line...Figure 22.16 The comparative Quantum Efficiency (QE) of CZTS solar cells.

23 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Structure of solar cell.Figure 23.2 Equivalent circuit of two-diode structure.Figure 23.3 Flow chart for gravitational search algorithm.Figure 23.4 I-V Plot of DDM.