Jeffrey McCullough - Transfusion Medicine

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23 23. Yudin SS. Transfusion of cadaver blood. JAMA 1936; 106:997–999.

24 24. Levine P, Newark NJ, Stetson RE. An unusual case of intra‐group agglutination. JAMA 1939; 113:126–127.

25 25. Levine P, Katzin EM, Newark NJ, et al. Isoimmunization in pregnancy—its possible bearing on the etiology of erythroblastosis foetalis. JAMA 1941; 116:825–827.

26 26. Freda VJ, Gorman JG, Pollack W. Successful prevention of experimental Rh sensitization in man with an anti‐Rh gamma 2‐globulin antibody preparation: a preliminary report. Transfusion 1964; 4:26.

27 27. Clarke CA, Donohoe WTA, McConnell RB, et al. Further experimental studies in the prevention of Rh‐haemolytic disease. Br Med J 1963; 1:979.

28 28. Moreschi C. Neue tatsachen uber die blutkorperchen‐agglutination. Zentralbl Bakt 1908; 46:49–51.

29 29. Coombs RRA, Mourant AE, Race RR. A new test for the detection of weak and “incomplete” Rh agglutinins. Br J Exp Pathol 1945; 26:225.

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Jeffrey McCullough MD

Blood transfusion occurs in all parts of the world, but the availability, quality, and safety of the blood depends on the general status of medical care in that area. Approximately 1,215,000 units of blood are collected annually worldwide [1]. The amount of blood collected in relation to the population ranges from 50 donations per 1,000 population in industrialized countries to 0.3 donation per 1,000 in the least developed countries [1]. Thus, there is a concentration of blood transfusions in industrialized countries, with 15% of the world’s population receiving approximately 48% of the world blood supply [1]. Lack of blood is a major problem in many parts of the world.

Blood services are best provided if there is a national, or at least regional, organization [2]. It is important that the government makes a commitment to the nation’s blood supply ( Table 2.1). Blood may be collected by individual hospitals, private blood banks, the Red Cross, Ministries of Health, or some other part of the national government. The number of units of blood collected at individual centers can range from a few hundred to thousands per year, and there may be extensive or little coordination and standardization. The adoption of a national blood policy is recommended, along with establishing a national organization [2]. This has been achieved in the developed world, where virtually all countries operate a national blood supply system as part of their public health structure as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) [2–5], and is beginning in other parts of the world [6–13]. The United States is essentially the only developed country without a single unified national blood supply organization.

Table 2.1 Key elements of a nationally coordinated blood transfusion service.

Blood transfusion safety: voluntary blood donation, national blood transfusion services, and safe and appropriate use; World Health Organization website programs and projects.