Ronald Wardhaugh - An Introduction to Sociolinguistics

221 218

222 219

223 220

224 221

225 222

226 223

227 224

228 225

229 226

230 227

231 228

232 229

233 230

234 231

235 232

236 233

237 234

238 235

239 236

240 237

241 238

242 239

243 240

244 241

245 242

246 243

247 244

248 245

249 246

250 247

251 248

252 249

253 250

254 251

255 252

256 253

257 254

258 255

259 256

260 257

261 258

262 259

263 260

264 261

265 262

266 263

267 264

268 265

269 266

270 267

271 268

272 269

273 270

274 271

275 272

276 273

277 274

278 275

279 276

280 277

281 278

282 279

283 280

284 281

285 282

286 283

287 284

288 285

289 286

290 287

291 288

292 289

293 290

294 291

295 292

296 293

297 294

298 295

299 296

300 297

301 298

302 299

303 300

304 301

305 302

306 303

307 304

308 305

309 307

310 308

311 309

312 310

313 311

314 312

315 313

316 314

317 315

318 316

319 317

320 318

321 319

322 320

323 321

324 322

325 323

326 324

327 325

328 326

329 327

330 328

331 329

332 330

333 331

334 332

335 333

336 334

337 335

338 336

339 337

340 338

341 339

342 340

343 341

344 342

345 343

346 344

347 345

348 346

349 347

350 348

351 349

352 350

353 351

354 352

355 353

356 354

357 355

358 356

359 357

360 358

361 359

362 360

363 361

364 362

365 363

366 364

367 365

368 366

369 367

370 368

371 369

372 370

373 371

374 372

375 373

376 374

377 375

378 376

379 377

380 378

381 379

382 380

383 381

384 382

385 383

386 384

387 385

388 386

389 387

390 388

391 389

392 390

393 391

394 392

395 393

396 394

397 395

398 396

399 397

400 398

401 399

402 400

403 401

404 402

405 403

406 404

407 405

408 406

409 407

410 408

411 409

412 410

413 411

414 412

415 413

416 414

417 415

418 416

419 417

420 418

421 419

422 420

423 421

424 423

425 424

426 425

427 426

428 427

429 428

430 429

431 430

432 431

433 432

434 433

435 434

436 435

437 436

438 437

439 438

440 439

441 440

442 441

443 442

444 443

445 444

446 445

447 446

448 447

449 448

450 449

451 450

452 451

453 452

454 453

455 454

456 455

457 456

458 457

459 458

The books included in this series provide comprehensive accounts of some of the most central and most rapidly developing areas of research in linguistics. Intended primarily for introductory and post‐introductory students, they include exercises, discussion points and suggestions for further reading.

1 Liliane Haegeman, Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (Second Edition)

2 Andrew Spencer, Morphological Theory

3 Helen Goodluck, Language Acquisition

4 Martin Atkinson, Children’s Syntax

5 Diane Blakemore, Understanding Utterances

6 Michael Kenstowicz, Phonology in Generative Grammar

7 Deborah Schiffrin, Approaches to Discourse

8 John Clark, Colin Yallop, and Janet Fletcher, An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology (Third Edition)

9 Natsuko Tsujimura, An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics (Third Edition)

10 Robert D. Borsley, Modern Phrase Structure Grammar

11 Nigel Fabb, Linguistics and Literature

12 Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer, Semantics in Generative Grammar

13 Liliane Haegeman and Jacqueline Guéron, English Grammar: A Generative Perspective

14 Stephen Crain and Diane Lillo‐Martin, An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition

15 Barbara A. Fennell, A History of English: A Sociolinguistic Approach

16 Henry Rogers, Writing Systems: A Linguistic ApproachBenjamin W. Fortson IV, Indo‐European Language and Culture: An Introduction (Second Edition)

17 Liliane Haegeman, Thinking Syntactically: A Guide to Argumentation and Analysis

18 Mark Hale, Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method

19 Bruce Hayes, Introductory Phonology

20 Betty J. Birner, Introduction to Pragmatics

21 Joan Bresnan, Lexical‐Functional Syntax (Second Edition)

22 Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman, Phonetics: Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception (Second Edition)

23 Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller, An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (Eighth Edition)

Forthcoming:

Benjamin W Fortson, Indo‐European Language and Culture: An Introduction (Third Edition)

RONALD WARDHAUGH AND JANET M. FULLER

EIGHTH EDITION

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Edition History

Basil Blackwell Ltd (1e 1986); Blackwell Publishers Ltd (2e 1992, 3e 1998, and 4e 2002); Blackwell Publishing Ltd (5e 2006, 6e 2010); Wiley Blackwell (7e 2015)

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Ronald Wardhaugh and Janet M. Fuller to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.