Euclid Seeram - A Comprehensive Guide to Radiographic Sciences and Technology

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Foreword

6 Preface PURPOSE CORE OBJECTIVES USE OF THESE OBJECTIVES AND CONTENT

7 Acknowledgments

8 SECTION 1: Introduction 1 Radiographic sciences and technology: an overview RADIOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEMS: MAJOR MODALITIES AND COMPONENTS RADIOGRAPHIC PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY RADIATION PROTECTION AND DOSE OPTIMIZATION Bibliography 2 Digital radiographic imaging systems: major components FILM‐SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY: A SHORT REVIEW OF PRINCIPLES DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY MODALITIES: MAJOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS IMAGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS References

9 SECTION 2: Basic Radiographic Sciences andTechnology 3 Basic physics of diagnostic radiography STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM ENERGY DISSIPATION IN MATTER TYPES OF RADIATION X‐RAY GENERATION X‐RAY PRODUCTION X‐RAY EMISSION X‐RAY BEAM QUANTITY AND QUALITY INTERACTION OF RADIATION WITH MATTER RADIATION ATTENUATION RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS Bibliography 4 X‐ray tubes and generators PHYSICAL COMPONENTS OF THE X‐RAY MACHINE COMPONENTS OF THE X‐RAY CIRCUIT TYPES OF X‐RAY GENERATORS THE X‐RAY TUBE: STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION SPECIAL X‐RAY TUBES: BASIC DESIGN FEATURES HEAT CAPACITY AND HEAT DISSIPATION CONSIDERATIONS X‐RAY BEAM FILTRATION AND COLLIMATION References 5 Digital image processing at a glance DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL IMAGES GRAY SCALE PROCESSING CONCLUSION References 6 Digital radiographic imaging modalities: principles and technology COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY FLAT‐PANEL DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY DIGITAL FLUOROSCOPY DIGITAL MAMMOGRAPHY DIGITAL TOMOSYNTHESIS AT A GLANCE References 7 Image quality and dose THE PROCESS OF CREATING AN IMAGE IMAGE QUALITY METRICS ARTIFACTS IMAGE QUALITY AND DOSE References

10 SECTION 3: Computed Tomography 8 The essential technical aspects of computed tomography1 BASIC PHYSICS TECHNOLOGY MULTISLICE CT: PRINCIPLES AND TECHNOLOGY IMAGE POSTPROCESSING IMAGE QUALITY RADIATION PROTECTION CONCLUSION References Note

11 SECTION 4: Continuous Quality Improvement 9 Fundamentals of quality control INTRODUCTION DEFINITIONS ESSENTIAL STEPS OF QC QC RESPONSIBILITIES STEPS IN CONDUCTING A QC TEST THE TOLERANCE LIMIT OR ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA PARAMETERS FOR QC MONITORING QC TESTING FREQUENCY TOOLS FOR QC TESTING THE FORMAT OF A QC TEST PERFORMANCE CRITERIA/TOLERANCE LIMITS FOR COMMON QC TESTS REPEAT IMAGE ANALYSIS COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY QC TESTS FOR TECHNOLOGISTS References

12 SECTION 5: PACS and Imaging Informatics 10 PACS and imaging informatics at a glance INTRODUCTION PACS CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES IMAGING INFORMATICS APPLICATIONS OF AI IN MEDICAL IMAGING References

13 SECTION 6: Radiation Protection 11 Basic concepts of radiobiology WHAT IS RADIOBIOLOGY? BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIOBIOLOGY EFFECTS OF RADIATION EXPOSURE TO THE TOTAL BODY DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS STOCHASTIC EFFECTS RADIATION EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY References 12 Technical dose factors in radiography, fluoroscopy, and CT DOSE FACTORS IN DIGITAL RADIOGRAPHY DOSE FACTORS IN FLUOROSCOPY CT RADIATION DOSE FACTORS AND DOSE OPTIMIZATION CONSIDERATIONS References 13 Essential principles of radiation protection INTRODUCTION WHY RADIATION PROTECTION? OBJECTIVES OF RADIATION PROTECTION RADIATION PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY PERSONAL ACTIONS RADIATION QUANTITIES AND UNITS PERSONNEL DOSIMETRY OPTIMIZATION OF RADIATION PROTECTION CURRENT STATE OF GONADAL SHIELDING References

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Computed tomography number ranges.

2 Chapter 9Table 9.1 QC tests recommended by the ACR and the IAEA, to be done by technol...Table 9.2 An example of a QC test format.

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 The overall system components of film screen radiography (FSR).Th... Figure 2.2 A plot of the OD as a function of the log of the relative radiati... Figure 2.3 DR detectors have wide‐exposure latitude and image postprocessing... Figure 2.4 The overall major system components of any DR modality includes a... Figure 2.5 The major components of a CR system include the imaging plate (IP... Figure 2.6 The major system components of a FPDR system include an x‐ray gen... Figure 2.7 The major system components of a DF system consist of a flat‐pane... Figure 2.8 The basic concept for DBT and DRT is related to the principle und... Figure 2.9 In CT, the patient is scanned as the x‐ray tube coupled to specia... Figure 2.10 The major system components of a PACS make use of digital techno...

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Bohr's planetary model of the atom shows a dense nucleus surround... Figure 3.2 During excitation of the atom, electrons are not ejected, but rat... Figure 3.3 The production of characteristic radiation. Figure 3.4 Bremsstrahlung radiation is produced when a high‐speed electron i... Figure 3.5 The general form and shape of both the discrete and continuous x‐... Figure 3.6 The effect of kV on the intensity and quality of x‐rays. Note tha... Figure 3.7 The effects of mA on x‐ray spectra. The area under the curve incr...Figure 3.8 For higher atomic number target materials, there is an increase i...Figure 3.9 The effect of filtration on the x‐ray spectra. For high filtratio...Figure 3.10 The effect of rectification on the x‐ray spectra. For three‐phas...Figure 3.11 Classical scattering. A low‐energy photon is absorbed by the ato...Figure 3.12 Compton scattering is a photon–electron interaction in which the...Figure 3.13 Photoelectric absorption occurs when an incident photon interact...Figure 3.14 The difference between the attenuation of a homogeneous beam and...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The physical components of the x‐ray machine. See text for furthe...Figure 4.2 The major components of the x‐ray generator. See text for further...Figure 4.3 An electrical circuit diagram of the x‐ray machine. The circuit i...Figure 4.4 A generalized schematic of a high‐frequency generator. See text f...Figure 4.5 The essential components of an x‐ray tube include the cathode ass...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Mathematical images include continuous and discrete functions. Th...Figure 5.2 In a digital radiography imaging system, analog signals must be c...Figure 5.3 The major characteristics of a digital image include a matrix, pi...Figure 5.4 Tissue voxel information is converted into numerical values and e...Figure 5.5 The histogram is a graph of the number of pixels in the entire im...Figure 5.6 The lookup table (LUT) uses the input image pixel values and chan...Figure 5.7 Windowing is the most common technique that technologists and rad...Figure 5.8 The displayed WW and WL values are always shown on the image. Whi...Figure 5.9 When the WL is decreased, the image becomes lighter since more of...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Four essential steps in the CR imaging process. See text for furt...Figure 6.2 This figure shows that after the latent image is rendered visible...Figure 6.3 The essential steps for calculation of the DI in the new EI parad...Figure 6.4 The acceptable range of DI numbers is approximately −1 to +1, and...Figure 6.5 A flat‐panel DR imaging system is based on the use of a flat‐pane...Figure 6.6 Two types of flat‐panel digital radiography detectors have become...Figure 6.7 The fill factor then is defined as the ratio of sensing area of t...Figure 6.8 The major technical components of a typical II‐based DF imaging c...Figure 6.9 The components of the II tube and their layout include the input ...Figure 6.10 Artifacts such as pincushion distortion (due to the curvature of...Figure 6.11 The major system components of a FPDF imaging system (real‐time ...Figure 6.12 The fundamental process of digital tomosynthesis includes at lea...Figure 6.13 The fundamental principles of DT. See text for further explanati...Figure 6.14 The process for generating a synthesized 2D image from the DBT i...