Euclid Seeram - A Comprehensive Guide to Radiographic Sciences and Technology

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The process of creating a diagnostic quality image. The goal of t...Figure 7.2 Technical exposure factors such as mAs and kV affect the dose to ...Figure 7.3 A schematic illustrating the difference between subject contrast ...Figure 7.4 In digital radiography, contrast resolution is described bradiogr...Figure 7.5 The effect of bit depth on the visual appearance of shades of gra...Figure 7.6 Illustration of spatial resolution. While (a) shows a sharp image...Figure 7.7 The size of the x‐ray tube focal spot influences the spatial shar...Figure 7.8 Spatial resolution can be measured by metrics such as the line pa...Figure 7.9 Two images with different levels of noise. (a) Shows an image wit...Figure 7.10 The presence of noise in an image destroys image quality and aff...Figure 7.11 The concept of quantum noise. The photons from the x‐ray tube fa...Figure 7.12 The visual effect of high and low mAs on image noise. See text f...Figure 7.13 A conceptual approach to understanding SNR. See text for further...Figure 7.14 The relationship between image noise and patient dose, and visua...Figure 7.15 The DQE can be thought of as the efficiency of the digital detec...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The computed tomography (CT) scanner consists of three primary sy...Figure 8.2 CT data collection. The x‐ray tube and detectors rotate around th...Figure 8.3 The difference between the attenuation behavior of two types of x...Figure 8.4 Attenuation of a homogeneous beam of radiation is exponential and...Figure 8.5 As a single ray of the x‐ray beam passes through a stack of voxel...Figure 8.6 Attenuation through a single voxel. The attenuation value is conv...Figure 8.7 The matrix of CT numbers (numerical image = gray levels) must be ...Figure 8.8 Multislice CT (MSCT) scanners use fan‐beam geometry to scan the v...Figure 8.9 Primary components of a CT scanner data acquisition system: the x...Figure 8.10 Flow charts showing the primary steps of the filtered back‐proje...Figure 8.11 A visual comparison between CT images obtained at 180 mAs and re...Figure 8.12 A main difference between conventional slice‐by‐slice CT scannin...Figure 8.13 The main components of two types of scintillation detectors: con...Figure 8.14 A main difference between single‐slice CT and MSCT is the detect...Figure 8.15 Two types of 2‐D detector arrays used in MSCT scanners: the matr...Figure 8.16 The effect of pitch on dose and image quality in MSCT. As the pi...Figure 8.17 The geometry of isotropic and anisotropic voxels. The overall go...Figure 8.18 A graphic illustration of the effect of window width (WW) on a C...Figure 8.19 The effect of window level (WL) on image brightness. As the wind...Figure 8.20 Creating 3‐D CT images involves four primary steps: image acquis...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The relationships between CQI, QA, and QC. See text for further e...Figure 9.2 The essential steps of QC include acceptance testing, routine per...Figure 9.3 Conducting QC tests for the evaluation of equipment performance r...Figure 9.4 Evaluation of the results of QC tests require established accepta...Figure 9.5 A useful tool to evaluate display performance in digital radiogra...Figure 9.6 Qualitative acceptance criteria for three QC tests of the CR IP, ...Figure 9.7 A general schematic of the ACR CT QC accreditation phantom. The p...Figure 9.8 Artifacts can arise from a number of different sources leading to...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The functional organization of the major system components of a ...Figure 10.2 Two types of image compression, namely, lossless compression or ...Figure 10.3 An example of one element of DICOM ®which identifies a set ...Figure 10.4 The four Vs used to characterize Big Data. See text for further ...Figure 10.5 Two subsets of AI include machine learning (ML) and deep learnin...

10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The sequence of events in which radiation damage in cells occurs...Figure 11.2 A more elaborate scheme leading to biological damage that shows ...Figure 11.3 High‐LET radiation (b) produces more ionizations and free radica...Figure 11.4 Two categories of dose–response models: the linear dose–response...Figure 11.5 Direct and indirect action on the target molecule DNA. Direct ac...

11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 The general radiographic system components affecting the dose to...Figure 12.2 The effect of SID on dose to the patient. A short SID increases ...Figure 12.3 The major components of two types of fluoroscopy systems in use ...Figure 12.4 Electronic magnification in digital fluoroscopy includes binning...Figure 12.5 The distribution of the dose in the patient in radiography is no...Figure 12.6 The typical dose distribution in CT is a bell‐shaped curve. The ...Figure 12.7 The difference between overbeaming and overranging in CT. Adapti...

12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The three philosophical pillars of the ICRP on which the fundame...Figure 13.2 The second triad of radiation protection is referred to as perso...Figure 13.3 The use of the OSL dosimeter involves at least three major steps...Figure 13.4 Three major steps involved when using the TLD: exposure to x‐ray...Figure 13.5 Factors that affect the thickness of protective barriers in radi...

1 Cover Page

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Foreword

6 Preface

7 Acknowledgments

8 Table of Contents

9 Begin Reading

10 Index

11 Wiley End User License Agreement

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