Wenbing Zhao - From Traditional Fault Tolerance to Blockchain

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Scrivener Publishing

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Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Wenbing Zhao

Cleveland State University

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-68195-3

Cover image: Pixabay.Com

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

To My Parents

1.1An example of a chain of threats with two levels of recursion.

1.2The rollback recovery is enabled by periodically taking checkpoints and usually logging of the requests received.

1.3With redundant instances in the system, the failure of a replica in some cases can be masked and the system continue providing services to its clients without any disruption.

1.4Main types of assets in a distributed system.

2.1An example distributed system.

2.2Consistent and inconsistent global state examples.

2.3An example of the domino effect in recovery with uncoordinated checkpointing.

2.4Finite state machine specification for the coordinator in the Tamir and Sequin checkpointing protocol.

2.5Finite state machine specification for the participant in the Tamir and Sequin checkpointing protocol.

2.6Normal operation of the Tamir and Sequin checkpointing protocol in an example three-process distributed system.

2.7Finite state machine specification for the Chandy and Lamport distributed snapshot protocol.

2.8Normal operation of the Chandy and Lamport global snapshot protocol in an example three-process distributed system.

2.9A comparison of the channel state definition between (a) the Chandy and Lamport distributed snapshot protocol and (b) the Tamir and Sequin global checkpointing protocol.

2.10Example state intervals.

2.11An example for pessimistic logging.

2.12Transport level (a) and application level (b) reliable messaging.

2.13Optimization of pessimistic logging: (a) concurrent message logging and execution (b) logging batched messages.

2.14Probability density function of the logging latency.

2.15A summary of the mean logging latency and mean end-to-end latency under various conditions.

2.16Probability density function of the end-to-end latency.

2.17Normal operation of the sender-based logging protocol.

2.18An example normal operation of the sender-based logging protocol.