Wenbing Zhao - From Traditional Fault Tolerance to Blockchain

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Two scenarios that highlight why it is impossible to use 3 generals t...Figure 7.2 The message flow and the basic steps of the OM (1) algorithms.Figure 7.3 The message flow and the basic steps of the OM (2) algorithms.Figure 7.4 Normal operation of the PBFT algorithm.Figure 7.5 PBFT view change protocol.Figure 7.6 A worst case scenario for tentative execution.Figure 7.7 Normal operation of Fast Byzantine fault tolerance.Figure 7.8 Zyzzyva agreement protocol (case 1).Figure 7.9 Zyzzyva agreement protocol (case 2).Figure 7.10 A corner case in view change in Zyzzyva.

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Bitcoin nodes.Figure 8.2 The relationship between private key, public key, and address in Bitc...Figure 8.3 Bitcoin transaction structure.Figure 8.4 An example transaction chain in Bitcoin.Figure 8.5 Bitcoin transactions per block data since its inception in 2009 throu...Figure 8.6 Bitcoin block structure.Figure 8.7 An issue with Bitcoin Merkle tree computation where different trees c...Figure 8.8 Bitcoin blockchain consensus and conflict resolution.Figure 8.9 Structure of Ethereum transaction.Figure 8.10 State transition via transaction in Bitcoin and Ethereum.Figure 8.11 Ethereum smart contract structure.Figure 8.12 An example transaction receipt in the JSON format. The content is co...Figure 8.13 Ethereum block structure.Figure 8.14 The annotated source code on verification of an ommer block.Figure 8.15 An example on what kind of stale blocks may be chosen as an ommer bl...Figure 8.16 The annotated source code on the block reward scheme in Ethereum.Figure 8.17 The cache size vs. the epoch number.Figure 8.18 The dataset size vs. the epoch number.Figure 8.19 The Ethash algorithm.Figure 8.20 The double-spending attack steps.

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 A model for public blockchain consensus.Figure 9.2 Main loop used by a mining node to compete in the creation of a new b...Figure 9.3 Major steps in the CreateNewBlock function in PeerCoin PoS.Figure 9.4 Major steps in the CreateCoinStake function in PeerCoin PoS.Figure 9.5 Major steps in the CheckStakeKernelHash function in PeerCoin PoS.Figure 9.6 Information included in the data stream for computing PoS hash.Figure 9.7 Major steps in PoET consensus.

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Main benefits of blockchain for applications.Figure 10.2 A model for cyber-physical systems.Figure 10.3 Blockchain-enabled CPS applications.Figure 10.4 Key operations and their relationship with the CPS applications and ...Figure 10.5 Basic CPS operations with respect to the latency and throughput requ...Figure 10.6 Stale block rate for different block sizes and block intervals.Figure 10.7 Throughput for different combinations of block sizes and block inter...Figure 10.8 Payment channel operation.Figure 10.9 Two level logging for sensing data with blockchain.Figure 10.10 The format for the raw data (together with the aggregated data tupl...Figure 10.11 Summary of the token paradigm.Figure 10.12 A classification of blockchain applications based on token usage.Figure 10.13 The impossibility trinity hypothesis.

1 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Messages received and final decisions in two cases for OM(1,4).Table 7.2 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances ...Table 7.3 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances ...Table 7.4 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances ...Table 7.5 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances ...Table 7.6 Messages received and step (3) calculation in two cases for instances ...Table 7.7 Final decision made at each lieutenant in step (3) of OM (2).

2 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Blockchain-enabled IoT-based applications.Table 10.2 Blockchain-enabled supply chain applications.Table 10.3 Blockchain-enabled manufacturing applications.Table 10.4 Blockchain-enabled automobile production.Table 10.5 Blockchain-enabled energy systems.Table 10.6 Blockchain-enabled healthcare systems.Table 10.7 Blockchain-enabled smart city.Table 10.8 Blockchain-enabled workplace.Table 10.9 General discussions on blockchain-enabled CPS applications.

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page

4 Copyright

5 Dedication

6 List of Figures

7 List of Tables

8 Acknowledgments

9 Preface

10 References

11 Begin Reading

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

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