Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis

Jayne F. Tierney

MRC Clinical Trials Unit at UCL

London, UK

Lesley A. Stewart

University of York

York, UK

This edition first published 2021

© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

The right of Richard D. Riley, Jayne F. Tierney, and Lesley A. Stewart to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Registered Offices John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Office 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats and by print‐on‐demand. Some content that appears in standard print versions of this book may not be available in other formats.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Riley, Richard D., editor. | Tierney, Jayne F., editor. | Stewart, Lesley A., editor.

Title: Individual participant data meta-analysis : a handbook for healthcare research / edited by Richard D. Riley, Jayne F. Tierney, Lesley A. Stewart.

Other titles: Statistics in practice.

Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2021. | Series: Wiley series in statistics in practice | Includes bibliographical references and index. | Contents: Individual Participant Data Meta‐Analysis for Healthcare Research / Richard D. Riley, Lesley A. Stewart, Jayne F. Tierney – Rationale for Embarking on an IPD Meta-Analysis Project / Jayne F. Tierney, Richard D. Riley, Catrin Tudur Smith, Mike Clarke, and Lesley A. Stewart – Planning and Initiating an IPD Meta-Analysis Project / Lesley A. Stewart, Richard D. Riley, and Jayne F. Tierney – Running an IPD Meta-Analysis Project : From Developing the Protocol to Preparing Data for Metaanalysis / Jayne F. Tierney, Richard D. Riley, Larysa H.M. Rydzewska, and Lesley A. Stewart – The Two-stage Approach to IPD Meta-Analysis / Richard D. Riley, Thomas P.A. Debray, Tim P. Morris, and Dan Jackson – The One-stage Approach to IPD Meta-Analysis / Richard D. Riley and Thomas P.A. Debray – Using IPD Meta-Analysis to Examine Interactions between Treatment Effect and Participant-level Covariates / Richard D. Riley and David J. Fisher – One-stage versus Two-stage Approach to IPD Meta-Analysis : Differences and Recommendations / Richard D. Riley, Danielle L. Burke, and Tim Morris – Examining the Potential for Bias in IPD Meta-Analysis Results / Richard D. Riley, Jayne F. Tierney, and Lesley A. Stewart – Reporting and Dissemination of IPD Meta-Analyses / Lesley A. Stewart, Richard D. Riley, and Jayne F. Tierney – A Tool for the Critical Appraisal of IPD Meta-Analysis Projects (CheckMAP) / Jayne F. Tierney, Lesley A. Stewart, Claire L. Vale, and Richard D. Riley – Power Calculations for Planning an IPD Meta-Analysis / Richard D. Riley and Joie Ensor – Multivariate Meta-Analysis Using IPD / Richard D. Riley, Dan Jackson, and Ian R. White – Network Meta-Analysis Using IPD / Richard D. Riley, David M Phillippo, and Sofia Dias – IPD Meta-Analysis for Test Accuracy Research / Richard D. Riley, Brooke Levis, and Yemisi Takwoingi – IPD Meta-Analysis for Prognostic Factor Research / Richard D. Riley, Karel G.M. Moons, and Thomas P.A. Debray – IPD Meta-Analysis for Clinical Prediction Model Research / Richard D. Riley, Kym I.E. Snell, Laure Wynants, Valentijn M.T. de Jong, Karel G.M. Moons, and Thomas P.A. Debray – Dealing with Missing Data in an IPD Meta-Analysis / Thomas P.A. Debray, Kym I.E. Snell, Matteo Quartagno, Shahab Jolani, Karel G.M. Moons, and Richard D. Riley.

Identifiers: LCCN 2021000638 (print) | LCCN 2021000639 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119333722 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119333760 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119333753 (epub) | ISBN 9781119333784 (oBook)

Subjects: MESH: Meta-Analysis as Topic | Data Interpretation, Statistical | Models, Statistical | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic

Classification: LCC R853.S7 (print) | LCC R853.S7 (ebook) | NLM WA 950 | DDC 610.72/7–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021000638LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021000639

Cover Design: Wiley

Cover Image: © Zaie/Shutterstock

To Lorna, Sebastian and ImogenTo Phil and EllieTo Simon, Catriona and Kirstin

The Editors would like to acknowledge the support of their colleagues in their host institutions and departments: the School of Medicine, Keele University; the Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York; and the MRC Clinical Trials Unit at University College London. Particular thanks to Lucinda Archer, John Allotey, Sarah Burdett, Thomas Debray, Miriam Hattle, Mel Holden, Carl Moons, Max Parmar, Bob Phillips, Larysa Rydewska, Mark Simmonds, Kym Snell, Shakila Thangaratinam, and Claire Vale, who have worked with us on many of our applied IPD meta‐analysis projects, and to Danielle Burke and Joie Ensor for organising the Statistical Methods for IPD Meta‐Analysis course at Keele. We are particularly grateful to Mike Clarke who has shared the IPD journey from the start and has contributed so much to the field. We also recognise the contributions by the convenors and other members of the Cochrane IPD Meta‐Analysis Methods Group over many years, and acknowledge stimulating discussions with participants at our various workshops and training courses. We thank our colleagues and research collaborators on the various applied and methodological IPD meta‐analysis projects we have been involved in, many of which formed motivating examples and case studies in the book chapters. In particular, we are indebted to the participants in the various trials and studies, and the associated investigators, without whom IPD meta‐analysis projects would not be possible.