Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright Page

4 Preface

5 Acknowledgments

6 List of Contributors

7 Section A: Fish Medicine Topic Reviews A1 Anatomy and Taxonomy Introduction Anatomy of Bony Fish Anatomy of Cartilaginous Fish Taxonomy Acknowledgments References A2 Water Quality Introduction Water Source Dissolved Oxygen Total Gas Pressures Temperature Salinity and Salt Composition Nitrogenous Wastes (Ammonia, Nitrite, Nitrate) pH Alkalinity and Hardness Carbon Dioxide Chlorines and Chloramines Iodide and Iodate Heavy Metals Turbidity/Suspended Solids Microbiome and Bacterial Testing Water Quality Testing Options Conclusion References A3 Life Support Systems Introduction Bacteria and Other Microorganisms System Type Oxygenation and Gas Exchange Water Flow Mechanical and Physicochemical Filtration Biological Filtration: Nitrification and Mineralization Denitrification Ecological Scrubbers Water Disinfection Temperature Control Noise and Vibration Lighting Other Life Support Equipment Pond Life Support Coral Reef Life Support Conclusion References A4 Nutrition and Nutritional Support Introduction Natural History Nutrient Requirements Feeding Food Storage and Preparation Nutritional Support Larval and Broodstock Nutrition New Directions in Fish Nutrition Research References A5 Fish Behavior Introduction Fish Abilities Benefits of Behavioral Management Introduction to the Science of Learning Before Training Begins Getting Started with Training Basic Training Beyond Basic Training (Other Reasons to Train) Modifying Problem Behaviors Conclusion References A6 Clinical Examination and Diagnostic Sampling Introduction History Clinical Examination Individual Identification Diagnostic Sampling Commercial Laboratories References A7 Clinical Pathology and Ancillary Diagnostics Introduction Reference Materials in Fish Medicine Wet Mount Examinations Cytologic Examination Histopathology Hematology Blood Biochemistry Toxicologic and Nutritional Analyses Microbiology Molecular Diagnostics Immunohistochemistry In Situ Hybridization Antibody‐Based Testing Conclusion References A8 Diagnostic Imaging Introduction Conventional Radiography Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging Ultrasonography Common Abnormalities on Diagnostic Imaging Conclusion References A9 Necropsy and Ancillary Diagnostics Introduction Specimen Selection Human Safety Equipment Needed Gross Necropsy Histology Conclusion References A10 Anesthesia and Analgesia Introduction Anatomical and Physiological Considerations Water Quality Considerations Anesthetic Techniques and Drugs Monitoring, Support, Recovery, and Resuscitation Analgesia Euthanasia References A11 Surgery and Endoscopy Introduction General Surgical Principles Surgical Procedures General Endoscopy Principles Endoscopic Procedures Conclusion Acknowledgments References A12 Medical Treatment Introduction Environmental Changes Routes of Administration Commonly Used Medical Treatments Vaccines Immune Stimulants Critical Care Legislation Conclusion References A13 Environmental Considerations of Immersion Medications Introduction Impacts of Water Chemistry on Immersion Medications Effects of Water Clarification and Disinfection on Immersion Medications Effects of Immersion Medications on the Biological Filtration Effects of The Microbiome Effects on Target and Nontarget Species Medication Assays Diving or Swimming in Medicated Water Disposal of Medicated Water Record‐Keeping Specific Drug Examples References A14 Acquisition and Transport Introduction Source and Sustainability General Principles of Acquisition and Transport Preparation Catch and Handling Recommendations Transport Containers Transport Options Acclimation on Arrival Legislation Conclusion References A15 Fish Quarantine Introduction Critical Components Risk Assessment Approach Training and Enrichment “Failing” Quarantine Clearing Quarantine Reviewing Quarantine Results References

8 Section B: Presenting Problems B1 Acute Mortalities in a Group B2 Respiratory or Cardiovascular Signs Dyspnea and Tachypnea Gill Pallor B3 Cutaneous Signs Red/Erosive Skin Lesions Light Skin Lesions Dark Skin Lesions Pruritus B4 Gastrointestinal or Coelomic Signs Inappetence, Weight Loss Coelomic Distension Bibliography Dental Disease Cloacal/Anal Distension or Prolapse B5 Musculoskeletal or Neurologic Signs Spinal Deformity Bibliography External Masses Circling or Spiraling Positive Buoyancy Bibliography Negative Buoyancy B6 Ocular Signs Exophthalmos or Buphthalmos Bibliography Ocular Opacity

9 Section C: Diseases of Fish C1 Noninfectious Diseases (Environmental) Introduction Low Dissolved Oxygen Bibliography Gas Supersaturation Bibliography Barotrauma Bibliography Temperature Stress pH Stress Bibliography Ammonia Toxicity Bibliography Nitrite Toxicity Bibliography Nitrate Toxicity Bibliography Chlorine and Chloramine Toxicity Bibliography Heavy Metal Toxicity Bibliography Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity Bibliography Organophosphate and Carbamate Toxicity Bibliography C2 Noninfectious Diseases (Other) Introduction Physical Trauma Bibliography Electrical Trauma Bibliography Exertional Myopathy Bibliography Lateral Line Depigmentation Bibliography Thyroid Hyperplasia (Goiters) Bibliography Mucometra and Ovarian Cysts Bibliography Egg Retention (Egg Binding) Bibliography Dystocia Bibliography Cataracts Bibliography Lipid Keratopathy (Corneal Lipidosis) Bibliography Obesity Bibliography Micronutrient Deficiency Bibliography Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies Bibliography Neoplasia Bibliography C3 Viral Diseases Introduction Viral Diseases (General) Bibliography Cyprinid Herpesviruses Bibliography Ictalurid Herpesviruses Bibliography Rhabdoviruses Bibliography Birnaviruses Bibliography Pox Viruses Bibliography Lymphocystiviruses Bibliography Ranaviruses Bibliography Megalocytiviruses Bibliography Orthomyxoviruses Bibliography Betanodaviruses Bibliography C4 Bacterial Diseases Introduction Bacterial Diseases (General) Bibliography Aeromonas salmonicida Bibliography Motile Aeromonad Septicemia Bibliography Vibriosis Bibliography Enteric Septicemia of Catfish Bibliography Edwardsiellosis Bibliography Columnaris and Flexibacteriosis Bibliography Flavobacterium psychrophilum Bibliography Yersiniosis Bibliography Streptococcosis Bibliography Renibacterium salmoninarum Bibliography Mycobacteriosis Bibliography Nocardiosis Bibliography Epitheliocystis Bibliography Francisellosis Bibliography Piscirickettsiosis Bibliography C5 Fungal and Fungal‐Like Diseases Introduction Oomycota (Saprolegniasis) Bibliography Exophiala spp. Bibliography Fusarium spp. Bibliography Microsporidia Bibliography Mesomycetozoea (DRIPs) Bibliography C6 Protozoal Diseases Introduction Ichthyophthirius multifiliis Bibliography Cryptocaryon irritans Bibliography Chilodonella spp. Bibliography Brooklynella spp. Bibliography Scuticociliates Bibliography Trichodinids Bibliography Sessile Ciliates Bibliography Cryptobia spp. Bibliography Ichthyobodo spp. Bibliography Spironucleus and Hexamita spp. Bibliography Amyloodinium and Piscinoodinium spp. Bibliography Amoebic Gill Disease Bibliography C7 Metazoan Diseases Introduction Monogeneans (General) Bibliography Capsalid Monogeneans Bibliography Dactylogyrid Monogeneans Bibliography Gyrodactylid Monogeneans Bibliography Monocotylid Monogeneans Bibliography Microbothriid Monogeneans Bibliography Polyopisthocotyle Monogeneans Bibliography Digenes (Excluding Blood Flukes) Bibliography Digenes (Blood Flukes) Bibliography Turbellaria Bibliography Cestodes Bibliography Leeches Bibliography Ascarid Nematodes Bibliography Camallanid Nematodes Bibliography Philometrid Nematodes Bibliography Anguillicolid Nematodes Bibliography Trichosomoidid Nematodes Bibliography Pentastomids Bibliography Acanthocephalans Bibliography Copepods Bibliography Isopods Bibliography Branchiurans Bibliography c8 Myxozoan and Coccidial Diseases Introduction Myxozoan (General) Bibliography Enteromyxum spp. Bibliography Henneguya spp. Bibliography Myxobolus spp. Bibliography Ceratonova and Ceratomyxa spp. Bibliography Hoferellus spp. Bibliography Kudoa spp. Bibliography Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae Bibliography Eimeria spp. Bibliography Cryptosporidium spp. Bibliography