Clinical Guide to Fish Medicine

10 Appendix 1: ConversionsDistance/Area Weight Volume Concentration Temperature Energy

11 Appendix 2: Common Disinfectants

12 Appendix 3: Fish Diagnostic Laboratories in the United States

13 Appendix 4: Veterinary Training Programs in Aquatic Animal Medicine Veterinary Schools with Aquatic Animal Courses Veterinary Student Programs and Volunteer Opportunities Veterinary Internships and Fellowships Veterinary Residencies Conferences and Courses that Include Fish Medicine Job Opportunities

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Table A1.1 Obligate and facultative air‐breathers. Table A1.2 Fluid and electrolyte balance in freshwater and marine bony fish. Table A1.3 Examples of sexual dimorphism in bony fish. Table A1.4 Ovarian types in fish. Table A1.5 Example of reproductive modalities in bony fish. Table A1.6 Reproductive methods of elasmobranchs

2 Chapter 2 Table A2.1 Common advantages and disadvantages of different water sources. Table A2.2 Possible water quality parameters for some common species and grou... Table A2.3 Fraction of the total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) that is present as un...

3 Chapter 4 Table A4.1 Approximate diet composition for some model fish species. Table A4.2 Total lipid and fatty acid composition of seafood items commonly f... Table A4.3 Dietary vitamin requirements for teleosts and elasmobranchs. Table A4.4 Dietary mineral requirements for teleosts and elasmobranchs. Table A4.5 Nutrient parameters of seafood items commonly fed to fish. Table A4.6 Nutrient parameters of crustaceans commonly fed to fish. Table A4.7 Nutrient parameters of mollusks commonly fed to fish. Table A4.8 Nutrient parameters of other invertebrates commonly fed to fish.

4 Chapter 6Table A6.1 Important questions when obtaining the history of an aquatic patie...Table A6.2 Common venomous fish species.Table A6.3 Zoonotic diseases that may be acquired from fish or water through ...

5 Chapter 7Table A7.1 Standard and specialized bacterial media and their uses.Table A7.2 OIE‐listed fish diseases in 2019.

6 Chapter 9Table A9.1 Gram‐stain characteristics of common fish bacteria.Table A9.2 Organisms that may stain acid‐fast positive.Table A9.3 Commonly used cytology and histology stains.

7 Chapter 12Table A12.1 Marine fish and invertebrate groups that may show increased sensi...Table A12.2 Proposed doses for emergency drugs in fish.

8 Chapter 13Table A13.1 Chemicals where impact on biological filtration has been shown, b...Table A13.2 Chemicals where reports have suggested no impact on biological fi...

9 Chapter 14Table A14.1 Recommended bag sizes for individual fish.

10 Chapter 15Table A15.1 An example of a risk assessment for koi going into an established...Table A15.2 An example of a risk assessment for neon tetras going into a new ...Table A15.3 An example of a risk assessment for marine Indo‐Pacific tropical ...Table A15.4 An example of a risk assessment for bonnethead sharks ( Sphyrna ti ...Table A15.5 An example of a risk assessment for Nile tilapia in a culture fac...

1 Chapter 1 Figure A1.1 Coeliotomy in a porcupinefish ( Diodon holocanthus ) showing the c... Figure A1.2 Radiograph of an Atlantic spadefish ( Chaetodipterus faber ) showi... Figure A1.3 Leakage of drug with green marker following intramuscular inject... Figure A1.4 Intact (a) and incised (b) swim bladder of a bluestriped grunt ( Figure A1.5 Swim bladder variations including two lobes in a spangled grunte... Figure A1.6 Eyelid on a crevalle jack ( Caranx hippos ). Figure A1.7 Otoliths visible on lateral radiograph of a red drum ( Sciaenops ... Figure A1.8 Computed tomography of the skull of a moray eel ( Muraenidae ) sho... Figure A1.9 Teeth in a California sheephead ( Semicossyphus pulcher ) (a) and ... Figure A1.10 Angling of the esophagus seen at necropsy of a lookdown ( Selene ... Figure A1.11 Ultrasound of the spiral intestine of an African lungfish ( Prot ... Figure A1.12 Normal gills seen during necropsy of a sweetlips ( Plectorhinchu ... Figure A1.13 Exposed pseudobranch (arrow) in a soldierfish ( Myripristis sp.)... Figure A1.14 Air‐breathing structures: modified pharyngeal mucosa in an elec... Figure A1.15 Kidneys in a deacon rockfish ( Sebastes diaconus ): cranial kidne... Figure A1.16 Ampullae of Lorenzini in a bamboo shark ( Chiloscyllium sp.) (ar... Figure A1.17 Cross‐section through the peduncle of a blacktip reef shark ( Ca ... Figure A1.18 Modified iris of a clearnose skate ( Raja eglanteria ); the spira... Figure A1.19 Gross appearance of a normal liver (a) and a small liver (b) at... Figure A1.20 Interrenal gland (arrow) between the kidneys removed from a sou... Figure A1.21 Preopercular spine on a marine angelfish. Figure A1.22 Sexual dimorphism in brook trout ( Salvelinus fontinalis ); a fem...

2 Chapter 2 Figure A2.1 Dissolved oxygen meter. Figure A2.2 Changes in dissolved oxygen (DO), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and pH a... Figure A2.3 Total gas pressure meter readings from a fish system showing the... Figure A2.4 A simple schematic of the nitrogen cycle. Figure A2.5 Sequential increases in ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate as the nit...

3 Chapter 3 Figure A3.1 Gas exchange using an air stone (a) and a degassing tower (b).... Figure A3.2 Centrifugal pumps for water flow. There are mechanical filters (... Figure A3.3 Sock filters (a) and a rotating drum filter (b). Figure A3.4 Sand filter (a), canister filter (b), bead filter (c). Figure A3.5 Settling tank. Figure A3.6 Foam fractionator. Figure A3.7 Granular activated carbon. Figure A3.8 Undergravel filter showing the direction of water flow (blue arr... Figure A3.9 Foam/sponge filter showing the direction of water flow (blue arr... Figure A3.10 Biotower showing the direction of water flow (blue arrows) and ... Figure A3.11 Biowheel filter (a) and fluidized bed (b). Figure A3.12 A sulfur denitrification system. Figure A3.13 Algal scrubber wheels. Figure A3.14 Diagram showing ultraviolet light disinfection. Figure A3.15 Ozone disinfection system showing the ozone gas generator (a), ... Figure A3.16 Heat exchanger. Figure A3.17 Rubber bushings for mounting of pumps to minimize noise and vib...

4 Chapter 4 Figure A4.1 Body condition score system for koi ( Cyprinus carpio koi ) and si... Figure A4.2 Body condition score system for southern stingrays ( Hypanus amer ... Figure A4.3 Body condition score system for reef sharks ( Carcharhinus sp.) a...

5 Chapter 5 Figure A5.1 Training a reticulated whipray ( Himantura uarnak ) to feed at a s...

6 Chapter 6Figure A6.1 Venom is found under the epithelium of the rigid fin spines in l...Figure A6.2 Plastic nets that are suitable for catching and restraining fish...Figure A6.3 Cutting/shearing teeth on a piranha ( Pygocentrus nattereri ).Figure A6.4 Normal eye of a squirrelfish ( Holocentrus sp.).Figure A6.5 Normal gills of a koi ( Cyprinus carpio koi ) (a). Irregular, cong...Figure A6.6 Normal abdominal pores in a female stingray ( Hypanus sp.) (*) ei...Figure A6.7 Claspers (Cl) in a male little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea ) with v...Figure A6.8 Obtaining a weight on a little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea ) under ...Figure A6.9 Measuring the total length on a sand tiger shark ( Carcharias tau ...Figure A6.10 External tag tied loosely onto a leafy seadragon ( Phycodurus eq ...Figure A6.11 Skin scrape on a sedated orangespine unicornfish ( Naso lituratu ...Figure A6.12 Gill biopsy being taken from a squirrelfish ( Holocentrus spp.) ...Figure A6.13 Cloacal wash on a male sandbar shark ( Carcharhinus plumbeus )....Figure A6.14 Sketch of venipuncture from the ventral tail vein and heart (a)...Figure A6.15 Venipuncture options in elasmobranchs: ventral tail vessel in a...Figure A6.16 Inflamed abdominal pores in a southern stingray ( Hypanus americ ...