Ron Ben-Amotz - Complications in Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Surgery

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 90° “hockey stick” morphology of the distal femur of a toy‐breed ...Figure 8.2 Lateral stifle anatomy relevant to localization of implantation s...Figure 8.3 TightRope implant placed on the lateral aspect of the stifle in c...Figure 8.4 SwiveLock® implant placed on the lateral aspect of the stifle in ...Figure 8.5 Tensioner with tensiometer suture tensioning device (Arthrex® AR‐...Figure 8.6 SwiveLock® implant placed on the lateral aspect of the stifle in ...Figure 8.7 Rescuing a Knotless SwiveLock® by converting to a Knotted SwiveLo...Figure 8.8 Postsurgical caudo‐cranial radiographic image of a TightRope® con...Figure 8.9 Bone tunnel widening most prominently observed on the lateral asp...Figure 8.10 Note that the angle of the femoral bone tunnel is parallel to th...Figure 8.11 A joint tap should be performed in all patients failing to meet ...Figure 8.12 Bone tunnel widening caused by infection. Note the severe bone t...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Various CCWO wedge geometries. In all cases, the wedge angle is 3...Figure 9.2 Preoperative planning. An isosceles triangle wedge is templated w...Figure 9.3 The proximal and distal osteotomies meet at a point 1–2 mm crania...Figure 9.4 (a)The position of the proximal osteotomy on the cranial cortex ...Figure 9.5 (a)A 32° wedge is planned in a small dog. The length of the base...Figure 9.6 (a)The osteotomy positions have been scored with the oscillating...Figure 9.7 The optimal appearance of a CCWO wedge. Note the presence of the ...Figure 9.8 (a)The wedge and packing swabs have been removed. Note the intac...Figure 9.9 Postoperative (a)craniocaudal and (b)mediolateral projections s...Figure 9.10 Postoperative (a)craniocaudal and (b)mediolateral projections ...Figure 9.11 (a,b)Postoperative projections reveal a small lateral osteotomy...Figure 9.12 (a)A broad 3.5 mm locking TPLO plate is offered up to the corte...Figure 9.13 (a)Routine symmetrical wedge planning. The wedge is planned 10 ...Figure 9.14 (a)In the context of tibial plateau leveling, sagittal plane an...Figure 9.15 (a)“Rock‐back” following CCWO describes loss of reduction of th...Figure 9.16 Reduced radiopacity at the osteotomy site without loss of reduct...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a)Appropriate limb positioning for a radiograph in the mediolat...Figure 10.2 (a)The saphenous neurovascular bundle (black arrow). (b)Identif...Figure 10.3 (a)To mark D1, the caliper is placed with one arm at the insert...Figure 10.4 In this cadaveric image, one can identify the popliteal artery l...Figure 10.5 (a)Identification of the insertion point for rotational pin pla...Figure 10.6 (a)Postoperative TPLO using a six‐hole Synthes locking plate. T...Figure 10.7 (a)Postoperative craniocaudal radiographs in which a screw is no...Figure 10.8 (a)Precontoured plate. Note the direction on the proximal three ...Figure 10.9 (a–c)Immediate postoperative TPLO using a 2.4 locking plat...Figure 10.10 (a)Immediate postoperative craniocaudal radiographs showing a m...Figure 10.11 (a)The skin has been retracted laterally and the fibula is expo...Figure 10.12 (a)Fourteen months post TPLO radiographs following a chronic dr...Figure 10.13 (a)Tibial tuberosity fracture in a small‐breed dog 2 weeks foll...Figure 10.14 Apical patella fracture (yellow arrow) and patellar tendon thic...Figure 10.15 (a,b)Four months post TPLO procedure in a German Shorthaired Po...Figure 10.16 (a,b)Immediate postoperative TPLO radiographs indicating target...Figure 10.17 Mediolateral projection is used for accurate measuring of the t...Figure 10.18 Two weeks postoperative TPLO patient that sustained a fall. A s...Figure 10.19 Mediolateral projection is used for accurate measuring of the t...Figure 10.20 (a,b)Ten‐day postoperative radiographs showing a catastrophic f...Figure 10.21 (a)Postoperative TPLO failure. There is marked caudal displacem...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle. Notice how the proximal...Figure 11.2 The same lateral radiograph as in Figure 11.1; the angle formed ...Figure 11.3 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle revealing preoperative p...Figure 11.4 A lateral radiograph of the left stifle following complete osteo...Figure 11.5 The goal of the cranial exit of the osteotomy is that it is tang...Figure 11.6 Impingement of the cranial cortex of the proximal fragment resul...Figure 11.7 Immediate lateral postoperative radiograph following a right CBL...Figure 11.8 Ten‐day postoperative lateral radiograph of a 170 lb dog followi...Figure 11.9 (a)Medial aspect of the tibia of a bone model demonstrating the ...Figure 11.10 (a)Medial aspect of the tibia of a bone model demonstrating lac...Figure 11.11 Preoperative planning radiograph to ensure that plate placement...Figure 11.12 Immediate postoperative lateral radiograph of a 170 lb dog foll...Figure 11.13 Immediate cranio‐caudal postoperative view following revision s...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Medio‐lateral postoperative radiographs of the (a)original TTA ...Figure 12.2 (a)Screw and (b)fork‐based TTA plates.Figure 12.3 A proximodistal view of the articular surface of the tibia. A cr...Figure 12.4 A distal tibial tuberosity avulsion fracture involving the fork ...Figure 12.5 (a)Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle....Figure 12.6 Correct TTA implant application principles and osteotomy charact...Figure 12.7 Mediolateral radiograph of a stifle illustrating an ideal tibial...Figure 12.8 Multiple mediolateral stifle radiographs demonstrating the varia...Figure 12.9 Intraoperative view of the proximal medial tibia showing the thi...Figure 12.10 (a)Mediolateral radiograph of a stifle showing proper straight ...Figure 12.11 Mediolateral radiograph of a postoperative stifle revealing fis...Figure 12.12 Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle il...Figure 12.13 (a)The distal placement of the cage (red arrow) has brought the...Figure 12.14 Mediolateral radiograph of an immediate postoperative stifle il...Figure 12.15 A mediolateral radiograph of a potentially catastrophic complic...Figure 12.16 (a)Mediolateral radiograph of a potentially catastrophic compli...Figure 12.17 (a)Mediolateral radiograph revealing a cranially displaced tibi...Figure 12.18 Mediolateral radiograph of the proximal tibia illustrating the ...Figure 12.19 A proximodistal view of the tibia. (a)The oblique tibial osteo...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Original design and rationale of the Maquet technique.Figure 13.2 (a)Radiograph of the stifle joint in an appropriate position to ...Figure 13.3 Major effect of stifle extension angle on measurement of desired...Figure 13.4 Illustration of the approximate 20° tilt of the oscillating saw ...Figure 13.5 Successive steps of the modified Maquet technique (MMT). (a)The...Figure 13.6 Illustration of an isthmus (within red ellipse) along the crania...Figure 13.7 (a)Appropriate osteotomy gap healing 8 weeks post surgery. Note...Figure 13.8 (a,b)Medio‐lateral and cranio‐caudal radiographs of a dog in whi...Figure 13.9 (a)Postoperative radiograph of a MMT; note that a fissure can be...Figure 13.10 (a)A fracture of the distal aspect of the osteotomy resulting i...Figure 13.11 Fractures of the tibial shaft following an MMT procedure. Case ...Figure 13.12 This drawing illustrates patella baja expected after applicatio...