Philippa B. Cranwell - Foundations of Chemistry

16 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 (a) Benzene represented using a display formula; (b) benzene rep...Figure 15.2 Commonly encountered benzene‐containing compounds. Trivial names...Figure 15.3 Examples of benzene‐containing compounds containing two substitu...Figure 15.4 Heat of hydrogenation of cyclohexene, benzene, 1,3‐cyclohexadien...Figure 15.5 (a) Bromination of ethene; (b) bromination of benzene, which req...Figure 15.6 (a) A double bond represented by two lines; (b) a representation...Figure 15.7 (a) Curly arrows to show the electrons moving to the extreme for...Figure 15.8 (a) Electrons pulled towards electronegative fluorine to create ...Figure 15.9 Commonly encountered activating and deactivating substituents.Figure 15.10 (a) Reaction of benzene with chlorine in the presence of AlCl 3;...Figure 15.11 Reaction of benzene with chlorine in the presence of aluminium(...Figure 15.12 Reaction of benzene with 2‐chloropropane in the presence of alu...Figure 15.13 Reaction of benzene with ethanoyl chloride in the presence of a...Figure 15.14 Reaction of nitric acid with H +in sulfuric acid to generate th...Figure 15.15 Reaction of benzene with the nitronium ion to generate nitroben...Figure 15.16 (a) The named positions on a benzene ring in relation to a subs...Figure 15.17 (a) Phenol; (b) donation of a lone pair of electrons on oxygen ...Figure 15.18 Reaction of nitrobenzene with an alkyl chloride in the presence...Figure 15.19 (a) Aniline; (b) formation of aniline by reduction of nitrobenz...Figure 15.20 Reaction of diazobenzene with phenol to give an azo‐dye.

17 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Substitution of 2‐bromopropane with sodium hydroxide to give pro...Figure 16.2 (a) Overall reaction for substitution of 2‐iodo‐2‐methylpropane ...Figure 16.3 (a) Overall reaction for substitution of iodoethane with sodium ...Figure 16.4 An elimination reaction from the treatment of 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpr...Figure 16.5 The mechanism of an E1 elimination from the treatment of 2-bromo...Figure 16.6 (a) Overall reaction between 1‐bromopropane and NaOH to give pro...

18 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 (a) Reduction of a ketone to give an alcohol. (b) Conversion of ...

19 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Combination of many monomers to give a polymer.Figure 18.2 (a) Combination of many ethene monomers to give polyethene. The ...Figure 18.3 (a) A hypothetical polyester. The repeat unit is highlighted; (b...Figure 18.4 (a) Combination of a 1,2‐diol and a diacyl chloride to give a po...

20 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 A simple schematic of a mass spectrometer.Figure 19.2 Stretching and bending vibrations from absorbing infrared radiat...Figure 19.3 The infrared spectrum of propan‐1‐ol with the characteristic O—H...Figure 19.4 A illustrative section of the 1H NMR spectrum for ethyl acetate ...Figure 19.5 A visual representation of the chemical shifts (δ) of protons in...Figure 19.6 Pascal’s triangle showing the relative intensities of the peaks ...

1 Cover Page

2 Title Page Foundations of Chemistry An Introductory Course for Science Students Philippa B. Cranwell University of Reading Reading, UK and Elizabeth M. Page University of Reading Reading, UK

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 Preface

6 Acknowledgements

7 Acknowledgements

8 About the companion website

9 Table of Contents

10 Begin Reading

11 Appendix

12 Short end‐of‐chapter answers

13 Index

14 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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