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Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Diatoms: Biology and Applications

Series Editors: Richard Gordon (dickgordoncan@xplornet.ca) and Joseph Seckbach (Joseph.Seckbach@mail.huji.ac.il)

Scope: The diatoms are a single-cell algal group, with each cell surrounded by a silica shell. The shells have beautiful attractive shapes with multiscalar structure at 8 orders of magnitude, and have several uses. 20% of the oxygen we breathe is produced by diatom photosynthesis, and they feed most of the aquatic food chain in freshwaters and the oceans. Diatoms serve as sources of biofuel and electrical solar energy production and are impacting on nanotechnology and photonics. They are important ecological and paleoclimate indicators. Some of them are extremophiles, living at high temperatures or in ice, at extremes of pH, at high or low light levels, and surviving desiccation. There are about 100,000 species and as many papers written about them since their discovery over three hundred years ago. The literature on diatoms is currently doubling every ten years, with 50,000 papers during the last decade (2006-2016). In this context, it is timely to review the progress to date, highlight cutting-edge discoveries, and discuss exciting future perspectives. To fulfill this objective, this new Diatom Series is being launched under the leadership of two experts in diatoms and related disciplines. The aim is to provide a comprehensive and reliable source of information on diatom biology and applications and enhance interdisciplinary collaborations required to advance knowledge and applications of diatoms.

Publishers at Scrivener Martin Scrivener ( martin@scrivenerpublishing.com) Phillip Carmical ( pcarmical@scrivenerpublishing.com)

Edited by

Stanley Cohn

DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA

Kalina Manoylov

Georgia College & State University, Milledgeville, GA, USA

and

Richard Gordon

Gulf Specimen Marine Laboratory & Aquarium, Panacea, FL, USA and Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119526353

Cover image: Thomas Harbich

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The editors of this volume would like to dedicate this collection to Dr. Jeremy D. Pickett-Heaps, with thanks and gratitude for his leadership and stalwart advocacy in advancing studies of diatoms and diatom motility. Sadly, Jeremy passed away just prior to this volume’s publication. One of the editors (SAC) had the pleasure and honor of studying and working with Jeremy and is proud to write this dedication. In addition, another editor (RG) visited Jeremy in Colorado where he was greatly influenced on his work in diatom morphogenesis.

Jeremy was truly an international scholar. Born in Mumbai, India, he received his B.A. and Ph.D. in Cambridge, England, and did his postdoctoral work back in his home of Australia. He then worked for almost 20 years as a professor at the University of Colorado Boulder, after which he went back to Melbourne to the University of Melbourne until his retirement. His work on algae was prodigious, as witnessed by the large number of excellent publications listed at the end of this dedication.

Jeremy was always a strong advocate for live observation of cell behaviors. While Jeremy always understood the value and use of theoretical and in vitro biochemical studies (in fact, early in my career I published a theoretical model of cell division along with him [1.180]), Jeremy would always tell everyone in the lab to let the in vivo living cells tell you what is really going on. While the in vitro studies and electron microscope structural studies could provide direction and constraints, Jeremy always relied on live cell observations to drive his understandings.