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Brad Bolon and Jerrold M. Ward

Comparative pathologists who evaluate adult mice can phenotype developing mice as well. However, new practitioners will need to attain familiarity with unusual anatomic features, physiological processes, and lesion patterns that are the norm in embryos and neonates. Most investigators approach histopathological evaluation of late‐stage embryos (gestational day [GD] 15.5 or older), neonates, and juveniles (up to postnatal day [PND] 42) with confidence due to anatomic similarities between these developmental stages and adult mice. This assurance fades when the rapidly evolving morphology of earlier embryos and their extra‐embryonic membranes needs to be characterized.

This chapter offers a brief introduction to key anatomical and pathophysiological concepts in prenatal and early postnatal mice. More detailed coverage of specific mouse developmental anatomy and pathology topics is available in other books [1–5], book chapters [6–9], anatomic atlases [10–15], major review articles [16–27], and websites [15,28–30].

Stages of mouse development are defined in terms of major events in four dimensions: length, width, breadth, and time ( Figure 5.1). Specific stages typically are assigned using the Theiler staging (TS) system based on visible anatomic landmarks [11, 15, 29, 31, 32]. Timing for each event varies by up to 12 hours among strains with different genetic backgrounds [33, 34]. Furthermore, the developmental stages in any litter differ by between 10 to 24 hours for the oldest and youngest embryos ( Figure 5.2) [2, 11, 33]. Accordingly, developmental stage is not equal to developmental age for prenatal mice. In utero age is assigned as either “days post coitum ” (dpc) or as “gestational day” (GD, often referred to as “embryonic day” [E]). When using the GD (or E) timing convention, it is imperative that investigators note whether the day of conception is counted as GD0 or GD1 since this choice will dramatically impact the times assigned to developmental landmarks. The convention used in this chapteris that the presence of a vaginal plug is designated as 0 dpc (or GD0).