Computational Modeling and Simulation Examples in Bioengineering

1 Cover

2 Series Page IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854 IEEE Press Editorial Board Ekram Hossain, Editor in Chief Jón Atli Benediktsson Xiaoou Li Jeffrey Reed Anjan Bose Lian Yong Diomidis Spinellis David Alan Grier Andreas Molisch Sarah Spurgeon Elya B. Joffe Saeid Nahavandi Ahmet Murat Tekalp

3 Title Page Computational Modeling and Simulation Examples in Bioengineering Edited by Nenad D. Filipovic Faculty of Engineering University of Kragujevac SERBIA

4 Copyright Page

5 Editor Biography

6 Author Biographies

7 Preface

8 1 Computational Modeling of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms 1.1 Background 1.2 Clinical Trials for AAA 1.3 Computational Methods Applied for AAA 1.4 Experimental Testing to Determine Material Properties 1.5 Material Properties of the Aorta Wall 1.6 ILT Modeling 1.7 Finite Element Procedure and Fluid–Structure Interaction 1.8 Data Mining and Future Clinical Decision Support System 1.9 Conclusions References

9 2 Modeling the Motion of Rigid and Deformable Objects in Fluid Flow 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Numerical Model 2.3 Results 2.4 Conclusion References

10 3 Application of Computational Methods in Dentistry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Finite Element Method in Dental Research 3.3 Examples of FEA in Clinical Research in Dentistry References

11 4 Determining Young's Modulus of Elasticity of Cortical Bone from CT Scans 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Bone Structure 4.3 Young's Modulus of Elasticity of Bone Tissue 4.4 Tool for Calculating the Young's Modulus of Elasticity of Cortical Bone from CT Scans 4.5 Numerical Analysis of Femoral Bone Using Calculated Elasticity Modulus 4.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

12 5 Parametric Modeling of Blood Flow and Wall Interaction in Aortic Dissection 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Medical Background 5.3 Theoretical Background 5.4 Blood Flow in the Arteries 5.5 Numerical Simulations 5.6 Conclusions References

13 6 Application of AR Technology in Bioengineering 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Review of AR Technology 6.3 Marker‐based AR Simple Application, Based on the OpenCV Framework 6.4 Marker‐less AR Simple Application, Based on the OpenCV Framework 6.5 Conclusion References

14 7 Augmented Reality Balance Physiotherapy in HOLOBALANCE Project 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Motivation 7.3 Holograms‐Based Balance Physiotherapy 7.4 Mock‐ups 7.5 Final Version 7.6 Biomechanical Model of Avatar Based on the Muscle Modeling References

15 8 Modeling of the Human Heart – Ventricular Activation Sequence and ECG Measurement 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.3 Determination of Stretches in the Material Local Coordinate System 8.4 Determination of Normal Stresses from Current Stretches 8.5 Results and Discussion 8.6 Conclusion Acknowledgements References

16 9 Implementation of Medical Image Processing Algorithms on FPGA Using Xilinx System Generator 9.1 Brief Introduction to FPGA 9.2 Building a Simple Model Using XSG 9.3 Medical Image Processing Using XSG 9.4 Results and Discussion 9.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References

17 Index

18 IEEE Press Series in Biomedical Engineering

19 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Lattice structures – weight coefficients and vectors defining abs...

2 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Mechanical properties of dental structures and restorative materi...Table 3.2 Values of the material strength ( σ SM) were adopted from lite...Table 3.3 Maximum effective stress, maximum displacement, maximum tensile a...Table 3.4 Material properties of each modeled structure.Table 3.5 Overall FEA results.

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Overview of empirical expression available in the literature.Table 4.2 Elasticity modulus for cortical bones.Table 4.3 Young's elasticity modulus of the cortical femoral bone.Table 4.4 Material properties of the trabecular femoral bone.Table 4.5 Description of the applied forces.Table 4.6 Comparison of the calculated maximum stress values.Table 4.7 Comparision of the calculated maximum displacement values.

4 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Presents the list of phrases that the BPH uses and that provide t...

5 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Parameters for the monodomain model with modified FitzHugh–Nagumo...

6 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Xilinx Blockset library description [1].Table 9.2 Supported Matlab and XSG versions.Table 9.3 Post synthesis resource utilization summary.Table 9.4 Post synthesis timing paths.

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 (a) Cartoon schema. (b) Real laboratory model. Laboratory model c... Figure 1.2 (a) Shear stress distribution. (b) Drag force distribution. Figure 1.3 (a) Shear stress distribution. (b) Drag force distribution. Figure 1.4 Description of clinical decision support system for AAA disease.... Figure 1.5 Geometrical parameters of AAA: “Length” is the parameter which de... Figure 1.6 A typical in‐flow waveform at the aorta entry. Q is the volumetri... Figure 1.7 Velocity field (left panel) and pressure distribution (right pane... Figure 1.8 Input velocity and output pressure profiles for the AAA on a stra... Figure 1.9 Velocity magnitude field and von Mises wall stress distribution f...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Diagram of variation of Dirac delta function depending on the dis...Figure 2.2 Example 1 – Geometry of the fluid domain.Figure 2.3 Example 1 – Fluid velocity field and current position of the sphe...Figure 2.4 Example 1 – Change of shape over time of the spherical particle, ...Figure 2.5 Example 1 – Change of shape over time of the spherical particle, ...Figure 2.6 Example 1 ‐ Change of shape over time of the spherical particle, ...Figure 2.7 Example 1 – Fluid velocity field and current position of RBC – fi...Figure 2.8 Example 1 – Fluid velocity field and current position of RBC – se...Figure 2.9 Example 1 – Change of shape of RBC over time – first considered c...Figure 2.10 Example 1 – Change of shape of RBC over time – second considered...Figure 2.11 Example 2 – Geometry of the fluid domain.Figure 2.12 Cross‐section of a spherical particle during deformation and the...Figure 2.13 Example 2 – Fluid velocity field and the current position of a s...Figure 2.14 Example 2 – Velocity streamlines.Figure 2.15 Example 2 – Comparison of the final shape of spherical particle ...Figure 2.16 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, for...Figure 2.17 Example 2 – Variation of inclination angle over time, for differ...Figure 2.18 Example 2 – Variation of inclination angle over time, for a rigi...Figure 2.19 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, for...Figure 2.20 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, for...Figure 2.21 Example 2 – Deformation of the particle for G=0.1 for different ...Figure 2.22 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, for...Figure 2.23 Example 2 – Deformation of the particle during restoration of in...Figure 2.24 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, λ ...Figure 2.25 Example 2 – Variation of Taylor deformation index over time, λ ...Figure 2.26 Example 2 – Variation of inclination angle over time, for differ...Figure 2.27 Example 2 – Change of shape of RBC over time, for Ca = 0.1; soli...Figure 2.28 Example 2 – Change of shape of RBC over time, for Ca = 0.5; soli...Figure 2.29 Example 2 – Velocity streamlines for Ca = 0.1 .Figure 2.30 Example 2 – Velocity streamlines for Ca = 0.5 .Figure 2.31 Example 2 – Motion of rigid and deformable particle through the ...Figure 2.32 Example 2 – Change of x component of particle velocity during si...Figure 2.33 Example 2 – Change of y component of particle velocity during si...Figure 2.34 Example 3 – Motion of rigid and deformable particle through the ...Figure 2.35 Example 3 – Change of x component of particle velocity during si...Figure 2.36 Example 3 – Change of y component of particle velocity during si...Figure 2.37 Example 4 – Motion of rigid and deformable particle through the ...Figure 2.38 Example 4 – Geometry of the three‐dimensional artery with bifurc...Figure 2.39 Example 4 – Fluid pressure field and initial position of RBC.Figure 2.40 Example 4 – Simulation of motion of RBC through an artery with b...Figure 2.41 Example 4 – Change of shape of RBC over time.