Elizabeth Gosling - Marine Mussels

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Layers of small mussels ( Mytilus ) on barnacle‐covered rocks on a ... Figure 3.2 A cluster of mussels ( Mytilus ) on a sheltered shore at Lough Hyne... Figure 3.3 Map of the Benguela Current region bordering Namibia and South Af... Figure 3.4 A‘robomussel’ (right) molded from polyester resin and containing ... Figure 3.5 Example of fluctuations in temperature experienced over one month... Figure 3.6 Map of the 10 deployment sites used by Helmuth et al . (2006) alon... Figure 3.7 Photographs of a quadrat from Black Point, Rhode Island Sound, Un... Figure 3.8 Summary of mussel dislodgment in Rhode Island, 2001–2003. Bars ar... Figure 3.9 Photograph of a whelk, Nucella lapillus , flipped on its back by a... Figure 3.10 The sea star Pisaster ochraceus predating on mussels, Mytilus ca ... Figure 3.11 The American oystercatcher, Haematopus palliatus , a significant ... Figure 3.12 Socking used for protection of mussels from predatory birds. (a)... Figure 3.13 Performance of three indigenous South African mussels, Aulacomya ... Figure 3.14 Stack of four American slipper limpets, Crepidula fornicata , att... Figure 3.15 Global average temperature for the period 1880–2018. While globa... Figure 3.16 Global atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations in parts ... Figure 3.17 (a) Relation between performance as scope for growth (SFG) and t... Figure 3.18 Schematic diagram of ocean acidification (OA). The reaction betw...

4 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Experimental set‐up for direct measurement of filtration rates in... Figure 4.2 Exponential decrease in algal cell concentration as a function of... Figure 4.3 Diagram of the flow‐through chamber (FTC) method. (M), point of p... Figure 4.4 Schematic side‐view of the open‐top chamber for real‐time in situ... Figure 4.5 (a) Exponential decrease in algal cell concentration after repeat... Figure 4.6 (a) Mean and (b) max clearance rate (CR) as a function of species... Figure 4.7 Filtration changing rates (Δ F ) of mussels ( Mytilus edulis ) as a f... Figure 4.8 Mean clearance rates of five pooled replicates for green mussels ... Figure 4.9 Average clearance rate ± SE (l h −1ind −1) for Mytilus ... Figure 4.10 Video endoscopy set‐up used in particle concentration and temper... Figure 4.11 (a) Cross‐section of two gill filaments of Mytilus edulis . lfc, ... Figure 4.12 Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the abfrontal surface of... Figure 4.13 Relationship between capture efficiency (CE) and particle diamet... Figure 4.14 Capture efficiencies (CEs) of microspheres delivered to Mytilus ... Figure 4.15 Capture efficiencies (CEs) of microspheres delivered to the scal... Figure 4.16 Principal pathway of current flow and particle transport on the ... Figure 4.17 (a) Schematic showing the natural position and anatomicaI relati... Figure 4.18 Schematic sections showing anatomical relationships and gross in... Figure 4.19 In situ hybridisation localisation of MeM, a C‐type lectin, in (... Figure 4.20 Section of the digestive gland showing absorption and intracellu... Figure 4.21 Electron micrograph of a cultured digestive cell from the digest... Figure 4.22 Electron micrograph of a cultured basophilic (secretory) cell fr... Figure 4.23 Nonlinear regression of BrdU labelling values (‰ cells) recorded... Figure 4.24 Mean (± SE) number of phytoplankton, microzooplankton (<200 μm) ...Figure 4.25 Seasonal variations of the principal fatty acid (FA) ratios typi...Figure 4.26 Variation in absorption efficiency (AE) and gut passage time (GP...Figure 4.27 Nitrogen (N) cycle in a bivalve suspension feeder‐dominated ecos...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs) of the mature sperm of (a) M ...Figure 5.2 Diversity of morphological patterns of spermatazoa in (a) Mytilus ...Figure 5.3 Ultrastructure of the ovary of the methane seep mussel, Bathymodi ...Figure 5.4 Ultrastructure of the ovary of the methane seep mussel, Bathymodi ...Figure 5.5 Protein (filled triangle), lipid (filled diamond) and carbohydrat...Figure 5.6 Monthly variations in the condition index (CI) of male and female...Figure 5.7 Monthly variations in the gonadosomatic index (GSI) of male and f...Figure 5.8 Reproductive effort (RE) of the mussel Mytilus edulis from three ...Figure 5.9 Stages in the development of Mytilus trossulus . (a) Swimming blas...Figure 5.10 Growth rates of Perna viridis larvae reared at different tempera...Figure 5.11 Early plantigrade larva of the mussel Mytilus edulis immediately...Figure 5.12 Mean (±SD) densities of mussel recruits (indiduals m −2) in...Figure 5.13 Mean (±SD) cumulative mussel recruitment per area unit (individu...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Monthly length‐frequency data (black histograms; 5471 individuals...Figure 6.2 Von Bertalanffy growth curve for a sample of mussels Mytilus edul ...Figure 6.3 Photograph of the right valve of a calcein‐marked Loripes lacteus Figure 6.4 The cockle Clinocardium nuttallii , with the most obvious external...Figure 6.5 Acetate peel replicas of shell sections of (A) the ligament scar ...Figure 6.6 Photomicrograph of acetate peel replicas of the mussel Mytilus ed ...Figure 6.7 Construction of predicted δ 18O equilibrium calciterecord and comp...Figure 6.8 3D surface scan of the left valve of a representative scallop, wi...Figure 6.9 Landmark and semi‐landmark configurations on the outline of the s...Figure 6.10 Schematic representation of energy flows in the standard dynamic...Figure 6.11 Temporal changes from March 2010 to December 2010 in the mean dr...Figure 6.12 Ingested ration, absorbed ration, respiration rate and resultant...Figure 6.13 Sites in southern and central California, United States, where m...Figure 6.14 Mytilus californianus (A) growth and (B) condition mean ±1 SE am...Figure 6.15 Scope for growth (SFG) (mean ± SE) of Mytilus trossulus (black c...Figure 6.16 Doubling time of body dry weight for the mussel Mytilus edulis g...Figure 6.17 Shell increment rates (mm wk −1) of all Mytilus edulis indi...Figure 6.18 Effect of salinity (15, 25, 37, 45, 50, 55 and 60 psu) on the sc...Figure 6.19 Growth rates of South African Choromytilus meridionalis at diffe...Figure 6.20 Von Bertalanffy growth curves in Mytilus edulis populations. NS,...Figure 6.21 Scope for growth (SFG) measured on mussels ( Mytilus chilensis ) e...Figure 6.22 Relationship of biochemical content as a function of size for la...Figure 6.23 Net growth efficiency (net energy balance/net energy absorbed) i...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Transmission electron micrographs (TEMs) of the haemocytes of Bat ...Figure 7.2 Relationship between mean (±SE, N = 5–7) heart rate (HR) and temp...Figure 7.3 Heart rate (HR) variability during a complete tidal cycle measure...Figure 7.4 Mean (± SE, N = 2–7) heart rate (HR) of Perna viridis exposed to ...Figure 7.5 Relationship between mean (± SE, N = 4–6) heart rate (HR) of Pern ...Figure 7.6 Mean oxygen consumption rates (OCR; μl O 2h −1) adjusted to...Figure 7.7 Oxygen consumption in the mussel Mytilus edulis acclimated to 5 °...Figure 7.8 Seasonal variation in the respiratory response to an experimental...Figure 7.9 Respiration rates as a function of acclimatisation temperature. T...Figure 7.10 Mitochondrial respiration of cold‐adapted Mytilus trossulus accl...Figure 7.11 Oxygen consumption of small mussels. Rates are standardised per ...Figure 7.12 Combined effects of salinity (15, 25, 37 and 45 psu) and tempera...Figure 7.13 Effect of salinity (15, 25, 37, 45, 50, 55 and 60 psu) on the re...Figure 7.14 Respiration rate of Perna viridis exposed to three different com...Figure 7.15 Median survival times (hr) for Texas Gulf of Mexico coast Perna ...Figure 7.16 Rates of excretion of ammonia (NH 4‐N) by the mussel Mytilus edul ...Figure 7.17 Ammonia excretion (μmol g −1h −1) of mussels immediat...Figure 7.18 Ratio of oxygen uptake: ammonia‐N excretion, by atomic equivalen...Figure 7.19 Atomic ratio of oxygen consumed to ammonia‐N excreted (O:N ratio...Figure 7.20 Valve opening/closing behaviour over time of the euryhaline muss...