Small Animal Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy

27 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Computed tomography lymphography of a perineal tumor demonstrati...Figure 24.2 Operating room setup for left‐sided lymph node dissection in lat...Figure 24.3 Operating room (OR) setup for dissection of the right‐sided node...Figure 24.4 Port placement for dissection of the left‐sided iliosacral lymph...Figure 24.5 Port placement for dissection of the left‐sided iliosacral lymph...Figure 24.6 Intraoperative image showing predissection regional anatomy (A) ...Figure 24.7 Intraoperative image showing predissection regional anatomy with...Figure 24.8 A view of intrapelvic sacral lymph nodes. The patient is in ster...Figure 24.9 View of sacral lymph nodes in lateral (A) and sternal (B) recumb...Figure 24.10 Intraoperative indirect lymphography with methylene blue highli...Figure 24.11 View of medial iliac lymph node in a dog presenting for anal sa...Figure 24.12 Excised hypogastric lymph node from a dog with anal sac gland a...

28 Chapter 25Figure 25.1 Diaphragm, abdominal surface. (a), medial; (b), intermediate; (c...Figure 25.2 Diaphragm, thoracic surface.Figure 25.3 Thoracic radiograph of a 4‐year‐old German shepherd hit by a car...Figure 25.4 Thoracic radiograph in right lateral recumbency of the same dog ...Figure 25.5 Sagittal plane of contrast‐enhanced computed tomography image of...Figure 25.6 CT image of peritoneopericardial hernia.Figure 25.7 In peritoneopericardial hernia liver, gallbladder, and small int...Figure 25.8 Different presentations of traumatic or congenital hernias invol...Figure 25.9 Time operative room and equipment setup for diaphragmatic hernio...Figure 25.10 Portal placement for diaphragmatic herniorraphy.Figure 25.11 (A and B) Applying a tension suture at about the midpoint of th...Figure 25.12 The multidirectional traction platform is composed of three dif...Figure 25.13 Gasless diaphragmatic herniorrhaphy in a cadaver‐model of dog u...Figure 25.14 Traction can be applied using atraumatic instruments.Figure 25.15 Reduction of liver is accomplished by instruments lifting rathe...Figure 25.16 Adhesions dissected with a vessel sealing device.Figure 25.17 (A) Hernia closure starting in the dorsal end of the defect. (B...Figure 25.18 Evacuation of air from the pericardial space is achieved intrao...Figure 25.19 Time operative room and equipment setup for inguinal herniorrha...Figure 25.20 Cannula placement for a unilateral (left‐sided) hernia. For lef...Figure 25.21 Cannula placement for a bilateral hernia or in case of patient ...Figure 25.22 (A) Unilaterally (yellow arrow) laparoscopic inguinal herniorra...Figure 25.23 Incarcerated hernia involving the spleen in a dog. (A) The yell...Figure 25.24 Incarcerated hernia in a dog involving uterine horn (hysterocel...Figure 25.25 Sequence of application of an intracorporeal suture for inguina...

29 Chapter 26Figure 26.1 Schematic showing how pairs of T‐fasteners are deployed from ins...Figure 26.2 Endoscopic view of the gastric mucosa after the gastrotomy has b...Figure 26.3 Position of patient, equipment, and surgical time (A and B). The...Figure 26.4 Sequence for positioning the portal for performing transvaginal ...Figure 26.5 Transvaginal H‐NOTES ovariectomy. (A) After raising the uterine ...Figure 26.6 Exposure of the reproductive tract through the vaginal wound to ...Figure 26.7 Sequence of portal introduction to the transvaginal T‐NOTES. (A)...Figure 26.8 (A) The peritoneal cavity is insufflated by the operating laparo...Figure 26.9 Sequence of OVE by T‐NOTES. (A) The uterine horn (U) is apprehen...Figure 26.10 (A) Removal of ovary and a small segment of uterine horn throug...Figure 26.11 Sequence of OHE by T‐NOTES. (A) Vaginal exposition and access u...

30 Chapter 27Figure 27.1 Fogarty catheter with a catheter‐tipped balloon and a lockable i...Figure 27.2 Arndt endobronchial blocker. The loop in the distal end has been...Figure 27.3 Arndt endobronchial blocker showing the endoscope passed through...Figure 27.4 Diagram of the placement of the endobronchial blocker. The ballo...Figure 27.5 (A) End of the endobronchial blocker placed in the left mainstem...Figure 27.6 (A) Cohen endobronchial blocker showing the wheel at the proxima...Figure 27.7 Univent endotracheal tube with incorporated endobronchial blocke...Figure 27.8 Double‐lumen tubes showing the right (A) and left (B) bronchial ...Figure 27.9 Robertshaw double‐lumen endotracheal tubes from four different m...Figure 27.10 Proximal end of a Robertshaw tube with a connector to allow bot...Figure 27.11 Diagram showing the placement of the proximal and distal balloo...Figure 27.12 Diagram showing correct and incorrect placement of left and rig...

31 Chapter 28Figure 28.1 For thoracoscopic procedures performed in dorsal recumbency with...Figure 28.2 For thoracoscopic procedures with the patient in sternal or late...Figure 28.3 Nondisposable cannulae can readily be used for thoracoscopic acc...Figure 28.4 In this case, the thorascopic port was placed too caudally, and ...Figure 28.5 In this case, the pleural reflection has been entered from a sub...Figure 28.6 This Alexis wound retractor device (Applied Medical Inc.) has be...Figure 28.7 During placement of instrument ports, the telescope is used to v...Figure 28.8 A bleeding intercostal vessel can be seen in this image. Interco...Figure 28.9 A seroma can be seen in this dog associated with one of the thor...Figure 28.10 A specimen retrieval bag is used in a thymoma to decrease the r...

32 Chapter 29Figure 29.1 The left pulmonary ligament is visible extending from the ventra...Figure 29.2 The left pulmonary ligament being digitally transected during a ...Figure 29.3 A large pulmonary bullae is readily identified on the ventral ma...Figure 29.4 CT images of a dog with spontaneous pneumothorax in sternal (A) ...Figure 29.5 (A) Port placement for thoracic exploration. (B) Operating room ...Figure 29.6 Localization of paraxiphoid port placement for diagnostic thorac...Figure 29.7 Localization of intercostal port placement for diagnostic thorac...Figure 29.8 (A) A 10‐mm variable angle scope (©KARL STORZ SE & Co. KG, Germa...Figure 29.9 A 10‐mm endoscopic fan retractor may be used to gently retract l...Figure 29.10 The ventral mediastinum has been fenestrated and is retracted b...Figure 29.11 (A) The accessory lung lobe is seen through the thin caudal med...Figure 29.12 Visualization of the medial aspect of the hilus of right (A) an...Figure 29.13 A bullous lesion identified on the lateral aspect of the left c...

33 Chapter 30Figure 30.1 Intraoperative image of a thermally injured lung lobe during vid...Figure 30.2 Intraoperative video‐assisted thoracic surgery image of the left...Figure 30.3 Cardiac apex in a dog undergoing VATS pericardiectomy for chroni...Figure 30.4 The paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary arter...Figure 30.5 Intraoperative image of a puppy undergoing video‐assisted thorac...Figure 30.6 The craniodorsal mediastinal defect after VATS thymectomy in a d...Figure 30.7 (A) Thoracoscopic image of the mediastinum during a thoracic duc...Figure 30.8 A linear parenchymal lung laceration can be seen in the caudal l...

34 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Radiograph of a dog with a solitary lung mass in the left caudal...Figure 31.2 Computed tomography of a single tumor in the right middle lung l...Figure 31.3 Pulmonary bullae visualized during thoracoscopic exploration for...Figure 31.4 Biopsy of hilar lymph nodes are often indicated in dogs with tho...Figure 31.5 Intraoperative view of a mass in the left caudal lung lobe (Figu...Figure 31.6 The endobronchial blocker has been placed in the left main stem ...Figure 31.7 Operating room setup for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy of a cauda...Figure 31.8 Operating room setup for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy of a crani...Figure 31.9 Portal placement for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy of a caudal lu...Figure 31.10 Portal placement for thoracoscopic lung lobectomy of a cranial ...Figure 31.11 Portal placement in the ninth intercostal space for a cranial l...Figure 31.12 Example of a thoracoscopic‐assisted approach from a cadaveric s...Figure 31.13 Linear stapler staple cartridge (EndoGIA roticulated, Medtronic...Figure 31.14 The dorsal pulmonary ligament of a caudal lung lobe.Figure 31.15 The cartridge of the linear stapler (EndoGIA, Medtronic, Minnea...Figure 31.16 The cartridge of the linear stapler (EndoGIA, Medtronic, Minnea...Figure 31.17 The linear stapler (EndoGIA, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) a...Figure 31.18 The stapled hilus after lung lobe removal.Figure 31.19 Lung lobe is introduced in a retrieval bag. It is important to ...Figure 31.20 A retrieval bag containing a lung lobe after removal from the t...Figure 31.21 Cadaveric example of a thoracoscopic‐assisted approach performe...Figure 31.22 A combined intra‐ and extracorporeal technique can be used to t...Figure 31.23 (A) A hilar lymph node of the cranial lung lobe is pictured in ...