Handbook of Biomass Valorization for Industrial Applications

1 Cover

2 Title Page

3 Copyright

4 Preface

5 Part 1 ENERGY, BIOFUELS AND BIO-AROMATICS 1 Photocatalytic Biomass Valorization into Valuable Chemicals 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Renewable Energy Sources: The Great Hope of the Future 1.3 Photocatalysis & Photocatalyst 1.4 Conclusions References 2 Biobased Aromatics—Challenges and Opportunities for Development of Lignin as Future Building Blocks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Sources of Bio-Aromatics From Natural Material 2.3 Production of Bio-Aromatics (Bio-Aromatics as Lignin) 2.4 Lignin as Future Building Block 2.5 Commercialization of Biobased Aromatics 2.6 Conclusion and Prospects References 3 Biofuels and Fine Chemicals From Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Sustainable and Circular Economy 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Different Methods for Biomass Transformation to Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals 3.3 Types of Biomass 3.4 Sustainability of Biofuels 3.5 Environmental Impacts References 4 Carbon-Based Catalysts for Biorefinery Processes: Carbon-Based Catalysts for Valorization of Glycerol Waste From Biodiesel Industry 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Production of Biodiesel and Crude Glycerol 4.3 Refining Process for Crude Glycerol 4.4 Technologies for Glycerol Valorization Conclusion References 5 Catalysts for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals and Bio-Aromatics 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Lignocellulosic Biomass (LCB) 5.3 Pre-Treatment Processes 5.4 Processes for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass 5.5 Catalysts for Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass Into Platform Chemicals 5.6 Catalysts for Conversion of LCB Into Bio-Aromatics 5.7 Conclusion References 6 Pyrolysis of Triglycerides for Fuels and Chemical Production 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Triglyceric Biomass 6.3 Products and Properties of Triglycerides Pyrolysis 6.4 Pyrolysis Reaction 6.5 Reactor Technologies 6.6 Upgrading Techniques 6.7 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 7 Drying of Agro-Industrial Residues for Biomass Applications 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Moisture Content: A Key Factor for Biomass 7.3 Drying as Part of the Overall Process 7.4 Biomass Characterization 7.5 Equilibrium Sorption Isotherms 7.6 Drying Kinetics 7.7 Mathematical Modeling of Drying Process 7.8 Energy Aspects in Biomass Drying 7.9 Process Costs 7.10 Final Remarks References 8 Extraction Characterization and Production of Biofuels From Algal Biomass 8.1 Challenges Facing the Production of Algal Fuel for Profit Purposes 8.2 Classes of Biofuel Sources 8.3 Algal Biofuels 8.4 Transformation of Biomass Containing the Bulk of Algae (Algal Biomass) to Biofuels 8.5 The Pre-Treatment Process of Algae Biomass 8.6 Derivable Biofuels From Microalgae 8.7 Conclusion References 9 Valorization of Biomass Derived Aldehydes Into Oxygenated Compounds 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Background of Biomass Conversion Into Value-Added Chemicals 9.3 Biomass Derived Industrially Important Chemicals 9.4 Synthesis of the HMF and Furfural From Biomass 9.5 Valorization of the Biomass Derived Aldehydes Into Valuable Chemicals 9.6 Conclusions and Perspective Acknowledgements References

6 Part 2 FOOD, AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SECTORS 10 Advancements in Chemical and Biotechnical Approaches Towards Valorization of Wastes From Food Processing Industries 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Fruit and Vegetable Industries Processing Waste (FVPW) 10.3 Dairy Industry Processing Waste 10.4 Waste Generated by Meat Processing Industries 10.5 Waste Generated by Beverage Industries 10.6 Conclusion References 11 Photocatalytic Biomass Transformation into Valuable Products 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modified Lignin 11.3 Biomass Transformation Methods 11.4 Photocatalysis and Biomass 11.5 Recent Advances 11.6 Innovative Approaches 11.7 Challenges and the Future 11.8 Conclusion References 12 Organic Materials Valorization: Agro-Waste in Environmental Remediation, Phytochemicals, Biocatalyst and Biofuel Production 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sources of Food and Agro-Waste 12.3 Multifunctional Group of Agro-Waste 12.4 Biomass Vaporization Phytochemicals 12.5 Agro-Waste for Biocatalyst 12.6 Agro-Waste for Biofuel Production 12.7 Conclusion References 13 Valorization of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Evolution and Distribution of Plant Secondary Metabolites 13.3 Distribution of Secondary Metabolites in Relation to Chemotaxonomy 13.4 Need of Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites in Plants 13.5 Methods for Continuous and Enhanced Production of Secondary Metabolites 13.6 Challenges in Using In Vitro Techniques 13.7 Origin of New Genes for Secondary Metabolism 13.8 Combinatorial Approach for Production of Diverse Secondary Metabolite Production 13.9 Mutation Breeding References 14 Functional and Digestibility Properties of Native, Single, and Dual Modified Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) Starches for Food Applications 14.1 Introduction Conclusion References 15 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes: A Step Toward Adoption of Smart Green Materials with Additional Benefit of Circular Economy 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterial Derived From Agricultural Waste 15.3 Applications 15.4 Conclusion References 16 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes: An Approach to Impart Environmental Friendliness 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Agricultural Wastes 16.3 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Production of Fertilizers 16.4 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Production of Biofuels 16.5 Valorization of Agricultural Waste for Wastewater Treatment 16.6 Conclusion References 17 Valorization of Biomass Into Value-Added Products and Its Application Through Hydrothermal Liquefaction 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Biomass 17.3 Factors Influencing HTL Products 17.4 Separation of Bioproducts Derived From HTL of Biomass 17.5 Characterization and Application of HTL Products 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Industrial Applications of Cellulose Extracted from Agricultural and Food Industry Wastes 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Cellulose Biomass 18.3 Derivatization 18.4 Method of Preparation 18.5 Applications 18.6 Conclusion References 19 Valorization of Lignin Toward the Production of Novel Functional Materials 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Various Pre-Treatment Methods for Separation of Lignin From Biomass 19.3 Characterization Techniques for Lignin 19.4 Lignin-Based Nanomaterials 19.5 Lignin Reinforced with Polymer-Based Composites 19.6 Lignin-Based Adhesives References 20 Characterization and Valorization of Sludge From Textile Wastewater Plant for Positive Environmental Applications 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Characterization of Sludge 20.3 Treatment of Sludge 20.4 Valorization of Sludge 20.5 Conclusion References 21 Impact of Biofertilizers in Sustainable Growth of Agriculture Sector 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Types of Biofertilizers 21.3 Methods of Application of Biofertilizers 21.4 Types of Bioformulations 21.5 Points of Interest of Utilizing Biofertilizers 21.6 Impact of Biofertilizers on Soil Microorganisms 21.7 International Market of Biofertilizers 21.8 Upgradation of Biofertilizer Utilization for Sustainable Agricultural Production 21.9 Limitations in Biofertilizer Technology 21.10 Conclusions References 22 Valorization of Agricultural Wastes as Low-Cost Adsorbents Towards Efficient Removal of Aqueous Cr(VI) 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Influence of Adsorption Parameters on Cr(VI) Uptake 22.3 Kinetics of Adsorption 22.4 Adsorption Isotherm Models 22.5 Adsorption Thermodynamics 22.6 Evaluation of Adsorption Capacities and Mechanism of Adsorption 22.7 Conclusion Acknowledgement References

7 Index

8 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Reasons for energy crisis on earth. Figure 1.2 Distribution of sources of energy. Figure 1.3 Photosynthesis process in plants [13]. Figure 1.4 Strategies for the fabrication of photocatalysts [15].

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Schematical diagram of structure of supply chain biobased aromatics. Figure 2.2 Sources of lignocellulose. Figure 2.3a Lignin content in various types of plants (Gymnosperms). Figure 2.3b Composition of Lignin in different plants (Eudicotyledons). Figure 2.3c Presence of Lignin in different plants (Monocotyledons). Figure 2.4 Schematic diagram for processing of lignin.