Labros S. Sidossis - Textbook of Lifestyle Medicine

1 Cover

2 Title Page Textbook of Lifestyle Medicine LABROS S. SIDOSSIS, PHD Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey New Brunswick, NJ, USA STEFANOS N. KALES, MD, MPH Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School Cambridge, MA, USA

3 Copyright Page

4 Dedication Page

5 About the Authors

6 Preface

7 Abbreviation List

8 UNIT I: Lifestyle Choices and Human Health CHAPTER 1: Basic Concepts Bibliography CHAPTER 2: The Lifestyle Disease Epidemic Genetic Background and NCD Development Obesity: Epidemiology and Impact of Modern Lifestyle Cardiovascular Disease: Epidemiology and Impact of Modern Lifestyle Diabetes Mellitus: Epidemiology and Impact of Modern Lifestyle Cancer: Epidemiology and Impact of Modern Lifestyle Bibliography CHAPTER 3: Components of an Unhealthy LifestyleUnhealthy Diets Excess Caloric Intake Saturated Fatty Acids Trans Fatty Acids Carbohydrates and Dietary Fiber Foods and Food Groups Dietary Patterns Physical Inactivity Unhealthy Weight Tobacco Use Excessive Alcohol Intake Stress Lifestyle‐Induced Epigenetic Alterations and NCD Risk The Effect of Maternal Health and Lifestyle Habits During Gestation Bibliography CHAPTER 4: Characteristics and Principles of a Healthy Lifestyle Bibliography

9 UNIT II: Healthy Diets CHAPTER 5: Progression from Nutrients to Dietary Patterns Focus on Single Nutrient Deficiencies Foods and Food Groups Holistic Approach to Diet; Dietary Patterns Bibliography CHAPTER 6: Popular Dietary Patterns Around the WorldThe Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Diet The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Diet Vegetarian Diets The Religious/Fasting Diets The Healthy Nordic Diet The Healthy Asian Diet Bibliography CHAPTER 7: The Mediterranean DietThe Mediterranean Diet The Emergence of the Mediterranean Diet Deconstructing the Mediterranean Diet Pyramid into Its Primary Characteristics Other Aspects of the Mediterranean Diet: Moderation and Frugality Other Aspects of the Mediterranean Diet: Adequate Hydration The Health Effects of the Mediterranean Diet Quality of Life and Wellness Mortality Chronic Inflammation Cardiovascular Diseases Metabolic Syndrome Dyslipidemias Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Hypertension Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Cancer Neurodegenerative Diseases Chronic Respiratory Diseases Mental Disorders Autoimmune Diseases Allergic Diseases Bibliography

10 UNIT III: From Mediterranean Diet to Mediterranean Lifestyle CHAPTER 8: The Mediterranean Lifestyle Paradigm Conviviality and Socialization Cooking Practices Bibliography CHAPTER 9: Physical Activity in the Mediterranean Region Historical Perspective Physical Activity: Definition, Terms, and Assessment Global Health Implications and Trends of Physical Activity Evolution and Current Trends in Physical Activity Recommendations Physical Activity in the Mediterranean Lifestyle: History and Characteristics Physical Activity in the Mediterranean Lifestyle: Clinical Significance Bibliography CHAPTER 10: The Need for Sleep and Its Effect on Health The Chronicle of Sleep Research The Need for Sleep The Phases of Sleep Mediterranean Lifestyle and Sleep Recommendations The Effects of Sleep on Health The Effect of Shift Work on Sleep Patterns and Health Bibliography CHAPTER 11: Social Life, Spirituality, and Stress Management Sociability and Social Ties Social Interaction, Quality of Social Ties, and Health Impact Mechanisms Connecting Social Interaction and Health The Spiritual Dimension of Relaxation in the Mediterranean Lifestyle Bibliography

11 UNIT IV: Mediterranean Lifestyle in Clinical Practice CHAPTER 12: Use of the Mediterranean Lifestyle Paradigm in the Prevention and Treatment of the Metabolic SyndromeDefinition and Health Burden of the Metabolic Syndrome Lifestyle Medicine in Chronic Disease Management Bibliography CHAPTER 13: Obesity Case Study Assessment Obesity Management Bibliography CHAPTER 14: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Case Study Assessment Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management Bibliography CHAPTER 15: Hypertension Case Study Assessment Hypertension Management Bibliography CHAPTER 16: Dyslipidemia Case Study Assessment Dyslipidemia Management Bibliography

12 Appendix A: Answers to Self‐Assessment QuestionsChapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16

13 Appendix B: Dietary Models and One‐Day Sample Meal Plans B.1. The Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC) Dietary Model B.2. The Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Model B.3. The Vegetarian Dietary Model B.4. Dietary Considerations and Requirements for Christians B.5. Dietary Considerations and Requirements for Buddhists B.6. Dietary Considerations and Requirements for Hindus B.7. Dietary Considerations and Requirements for Jews B.8. Dietary Considerations and Requirements for Muslims during Ramadan B.9. The Nordic Dietary Model B.10. The Healthy Asian Dietary Model B.11. The Mediterranean Dietary Model Bibliography

14 Appendix C: Food Components of the Mediterranean DietCereals Fruits and Vegetables Olive Oil Spices and Herbs Dairy Products Legumes Fish Red and Processed Meat Potatoes Sweets Wine and Spirits

15 Appendix D: Assessment Tools for the Various Lifestyle Components 1. 24‐Hour Dietary Recall 2. Food Frequency Questionnaire 3. The Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore) 4. The 14‐Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener 5. The Short‐Form International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) 6. The Athens Physical Activity Questionnaire (APAQ) 7. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 8. The Berlin Questionnaire 9. The STOP‐BANG Questionnaire 10. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) 11. The Zung Self‐Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) References

16 Glossary

17 Index

18 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2 TABLE 2.1 Technological clashes with our biology.

2 Chapter 6 TABLE 6.1 The basic principles of the TLC diet. a

3 Chapter 7TABLE 7.1 Contribution of the main food groups to the Cretan diet (%) compared w...TABLE 7.2 Comparison of the MedD pyramids, published 1993–2011.

4 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1(a) Adjusteda daily mean dietary intakes by report of social eating amo...TABLE 8.1(b) Adjusteda daily mean dietary intakes by report of eating on the run...

5 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1 Physical activity domains.TABLE 9.2 Classification of physical activity intensity.TABLE 9.3 Overview of methods used to assess physical activity.TABLE 9.4 Evolution of physical activity recommendations by the American College...TABLE 9.5 Recommendations for physical activity per age group.TABLE 9.6 The Keys' dietary advice for prevention of coronary heart disease (195...

6 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1 Criteria for clinical diagnosis of the metabolic syndrome.TABLE 12.2 Recommended waist circumference thresholds.TABLE 12.3 Differences between conventional and lifestyle medicine approaches....

7 Chapter 13TABLE 13.1 Classification of BMI values in adults.TABLE 13.2 Morbidity risk according to BMI and WC values.TABLE 13.3 Overview of body composition assessment methods.TABLE 13.4 Findings on clinical/physical assessment and possible causes/explanati...TABLE 13.5 Laboratory assessments to be considered in obese patients.TABLE 13.6 Overview of dietary assessment methods.TABLE 13.7 Characteristics of dietary assessment methods.TABLE 13.8 Overview of physical activity assessment methods.TABLE 13.9 Level of intervention based on BMI and WC values.TABLE 13.10 The Edmonton Obesity Staging System.TABLE 13.11 Dietary approaches that can produce weight loss in obese adults.TABLE 13.12 The Schofield equations for the estimation of BMR.TABLE 13.13 Physical activity guidelines for adults 18–64 years. aTABLE 13.14 Overview of techniques used to facilitate behavior change.