Fractures in the Horse

19 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 (a) Left forelimb PSBs viewed proximally demonstrating concave d...Figure 20.2 Proximodistal divisions of the PSB for categorization of fractur...Figure 20.3 (a) Apical PSB fracture in a yearling found on survey radiograph...Figure 20.4 (a) Proximally elongated PSB: the result of a healed foal apical...Figure 20.5 Distal elongation of a PSB subsequent to a healed juvenile basil...Figure 20.6 DM‐PaLO radiograph illustrating an acute apical fracture of a fo...Figure 20.7 (a) DM‐PaLO radiograph of a chronic medial apical PSB fracture. ...Figure 20.8 (a) An articular abaxial PSB fracture (arrows). (b) Transverse (...Figure 20.9 (a) DM‐PaLO radiograph of an abaxial fracture within the proxima...Figure 20.10 (a) DPa and (b) DM‐PaLO radiographs of a non‐articular abaxial ...Figure 20.11 Repair of a large acute abaxial/mid‐body fracture of a forelimb...Figure 20.12 DM‐PaLO radiographs of a minimally displaced proximal mid‐body ...Figure 20.13 Appropriate screw locations and trajectories (black arrows) for...Figure 20.14 Arthroscopically guided repair of a medial forelimb mid‐body fr...Figure 20.15 Repair of a medial forelimb distal mid‐body fracture. (a, b) Ra...Figure 20.16 DPa radiograph of a healed proximal mid‐body fracture repaired ...Figure 20.17 DM‐PaLO radiograph of a distal mid‐body fracture repaired with ...Figure 20.18 Axial basilar fracture (arrow) causing lameness in a racehorse:...Figure 20.19 DPa radiograph of a displaced basilar fracture that is also spl...Figure 20.20 Non‐articular basilar fragments found on yearling survey radiog...Figure 20.21 DPa radiographs of an abaxial sagittal fracture of a medial PSB...Figure 20.22 DP and LM radiographs of unsupported comminuted biaxial mid‐bod...Figure 20.23 DPa and LM radiographs of a MCP joint following biaxial mid‐bod...Figure 20.24 Technique for MCP joint arthrodesis. (a) Surgical approach. (b)...Figure 20.25 Arthrodesis for biaxial PSB fractures in a three‐year‐old Thoro...

20 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Fractures of Mc3/Mt3 condyles imaged by transverse (a) and recon...Figure 21.2 Fracture of the medial palmar subchondral bone and adjacent dens...Figure 21.3 Transverse MRI (a) and CT (b) images of a plantar fracture of th...Figure 21.4 Short bicortical fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3. (a) DP ...Figure 21.5 Long incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3 imaged on...Figure 21.6 Complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral ...Figure 21.7 A radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.8 Proximally comminuted displaced fracture of the lateral condyle ...Figure 21.9 DPl radiograph and transverse CT images taken at the depicted le...Figure 21.10 Transverse CT image of a displaced fracture of Mc3 demonstratin...Figure 21.11 Spiral fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3 (arrows) propagat...Figure 21.12 Pre‐operative (a) and post‐operative (d) transverse CT images a...Figure 21.13 DP radiographs of repair of an incomplete fracture of the later...Figure 21.14 Intra‐operative DP radiographs in repair of a short bicortical ...Figure 21.15 DP radiographs of an incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.16 DP radiographs of an incomplete fracture of the lateral condyle...Figure 21.17 A complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the later...Figure 21.18 Complete radiographically non‐displaced fracture of the lateral...Figure 21.19 Palmar comminution in a complete non‐displaced fracture of the ...Figure 21.20 (a) DP radiograph and (b) dorsal arthroscopic image of a displa...Figure 21.21 Reduction of proximal and rotational displacement usually requi...Figure 21.22 Arthroscopically guided reduction of a displaced fracture of th...Figure 21.23 Repair of a displaced fracture of the lateral condyle of Mt3. (...Figure 21.24 Displaced fracture of the lateral condyle of Mt3 with dorsal an...Figure 21.25 Sagittally propagating fracture of the medial condyle of Mc3. (...Figure 21.26 Spiral propagation of a fracture of the medial condyle of Mc3. ...Figure 21.27 Intra‐operative dorsal (a) and lateral (b) views of percutaneou...Figure 21.28 Spiral fracture of the lateral condyle of Mc3. (a) DP radiograp...Figure 21.29 MIPPO dorsolateral plate insertion from a distal portal. (a) Us...Figure 21.30 Proximal to distal MIPPO in a Mc3. Six‐plate screws have been i...Figure 21.31 Repair of a spiral fracture of the medial condyle of Mt3 with t...

21 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 Common configuration of complete fractures of Mc3/Mt3 in adult h...Figure 22.2 Common Mc3/Mt3 fractures in foals. (I) Salter–Harris type II. (I...Figure 22.3 (a) Incomplete stress fracture in the dorsolateral Mc3 cortex wi...Figure 22.4 Acute, incomplete longitudinal spiralling fracture of the Mc3 cr...Figure 22.5 An acute, incomplete, longitudinal fracture of Mc3 (arrows) (a) ...Figure 22.6 Nine‐year old shows jumper with an avulsion fracture of the prox...Figure 22.7 Lateromedial (a) and oblique (b) radiographs of a Thoroughbred r...Figure 22.8 Lateromedial radiographs of a transverse fracture of the distal ...Figure 22.9 Comminuted fracture of the Mc3 in a 200 kg pony. (a) Dorsopalmar...Figure 22.10 Dorsopalmar radiographs of a long, oblique Mc3 fracture in a 50...Figure 22.11 Dorsolateral approach to an Mt3 fracture in a foal. Splitting t...Figure 22.12 Open, displaced transverse diaphyseal fracture of Mt3 in a foal...Figure 22.13 Intra‐operative photograph and radiograph of a transverse mid‐d...Figure 22.14 (a, b) Oblique fracture in the proximal diaphysis of Mc3 in a t...Figure 22.15 Minimally invasive repair of an oblique mid‐diaphyseal fracture...Figure 22.16 Removal of a laterally placed LCP in a standing sedated Iceland...Figure 22.17 Dorsoplantar radiographs of an open, oblique fracture of the mi...Figure 22.18 Implant removal in a foal with a chronic infected Mt3 fracture ...

22 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 (a) Distal, (b) mid‐body and (c) proximal fractures of the small...Figure 23.2 En bloc excision of infected bone in a horse with a fracture of ...Figure 23.3 Surgical treatment of the fracture depicted in Figure 2. (a) An ...Figure 23.4 Radiographs of a displaced Mt4 fracture in a foal. (a) At presen...Figure 23.5 Comminuted, proximal Mc4 fracture. (a) DLPMO radiograph at prese...Figure 23.6 Repair of a proximal Mt4 fracture. (a) LM radiograph revealing a...Figure 23.7 Repair of a proximal Mc2 fracture. (a) DMPLO radiograph revealin...Figure 23.8 Removal of a distal fracture of Mc4. (a) DLPMO radiograph of the...

23 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Radiographic appearance (a) and arthroscopic appearance before (...Figure 24.2 (a) Arthroscopic view of distal radial carpal bone fragmentation...Figure 24.3 Diagram illustrating the arthroscopic approach to remove a fragm...Figure 24.4 Osteochondral fragment from the proximal intermediate carpal bon...Figure 24.5 Arthroscopic views of a displaced fragment of distal lateral rad...Figure 24.6 Arthroscopic views of a chronic distal lateral radius fragment. ...Figure 24.7 (a) Pre‐operative radiograph showing severe osteophyte formation...Figure 24.8 Arthroscopic views of the four grades of damage after removal of...Figure 24.9 Repair of a chip fracture of the dorsal distal radial carpal bon...Figure 24.10 Avulsion fragment from the radial carpal bone (RC) associated w...Figure 24.11 (a) Dorsomedial–palmarolateral oblique radiograph demonstrating...Figure 24.12 Radiographs of a displaced frontal plane slab fracture of the r...Figure 24.13 Diagram (a) and external view (b) demonstrating arthroscope pos...Figure 24.14 Repair of a frontal plane slab fracture of the radial facet of ...Figure 24.15 Repair of a displaced slab fracture of the radial facet of the ...Figure 24.16 Repair of a displaced frontal plane slab fracture of the interm...Figure 24.17 Frontal plane slab fracture of radial and intermediate facets o...Figure 24.18 Radiographs (a–e) of a collapsing frontal plane slab fracture i...Figure 24.19 Lag screw fixation of a collapsing frontal slab fracture involv...Figure 24.20 Multiple collapsing fractures of the distal row of carpal bones...Figure 24.21 Use of a sleeve cast for post‐operative management of partial a...Figure 24.22 Slab fractures of radial and third carpal bones. Comminution pr...Figure 24.23 Skyline radiograph (a) and arthroscopic view (b) of slightly di...Figure 24.24 Fragmentation from the proximal articular surface of the access...Figure 24.25 Comminuted frontal plane fracture of the accessory carpal bone....