Fractures in the Horse

30 Chapter 31Figure 31.1 Lateral (a) and articular (b) profiles of the patella.Figure 31.2 Fracture of the distal medial pole of the patella in a Thoroughb...Figure 31.3 Parasagittal fracture of the medial pole of the patella in a thr...Figure 31.4 Long‐standing comminuted fracture (arrows) of the medial pole of...Figure 31.5 Complex patella injury in a two‐year‐old Thoroughbred that inclu...Figure 31.6 Fragmentation of the proximal lateral margin of the patella in a...Figure 31.7 Fragmentation of the proximal articular margin of the patella in...Figure 31.8 Displaced fracture of the medial pole of the patella that follow...Figure 31.9 Radiographs of a five‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare with a displace...Figure 31.10 Comminuted fracture in a warmblood foal. (a–c) Radiographs at p...

31 Chapter 32Figure 32.1 Photograph of a weanling age foal with a left hind capital femor...Figure 32.2 (a) Photograph demonstrating the placement of the X‐ray generato...Figure 32.3 Capital femoral physeal fracture in a weanling age foal. (a) Ven...Figure 32.4 Lateromedial radiograph following capital femoral physeal fractu...Figure 32.5 A foal with a right diaphyseal fracture, (a) anesthetized and po...Figure 32.6 Lateromedial radiograph of a highly comminuted, displaced and ov...Figure 32.7 (a) Lateromedial radiograph in a weanling age foal demonstrating...Figure 32.8 Post‐operative lateromedial radiographic of a mid‐diaphyseal fra...Figure 32.9 Post‐operative lateromedial (a) and caudocranial (b) radiographs...Figure 32.10 Post‐operative lateromedial (a) and caudocranial (b) radiograph...Figure 32.11 Photograph of a horse managed conservatively for a distal femor...Figure 32.12 (a) Lateromedial radiograph of a displaced SH type II distal fe...

32 Chapter 33Figure 33.1 Tuber coxa fracture and resulting pressure necrosis of overlying...Figure 33.2 Haematoma on the caudal thigh (arrows) secondary to an iliac sha...Figure 33.3 Side view demonstrating depression over the left tuber ischium s...Figure 33.4 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic image of an iliac wing with disc...Figure 33.5 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic images of an iliac wings showing...Figure 33.6 Longitudinal (a) and transverse (b) transcutaneous ultrasonograp...Figure 33.7 Transcutaneous ultrasonographic images of normal (left) and frac...Figure 33.8 Caudodorsal oblique (a) and right lateral caudodorsal oblique (b...Figure 33.9 Dorsal scintigraphic views of the cranial pelvis in three exampl...Figure 33.10 Removal of a protruding osseous ‘spike’ from a tuber coxa fract...

33 Chapter 34Figure 34.1 Dorsal view of the atlantoaxial and adjacent joints (after remov...Figure 34.2 Fracture of the odontoid process (axial dens) in a foal. Note th...Figure 34.3 Laterolateral radiograph after fixation of atlantoaxial luxation...Figure 34.4 Anatomic specimen demonstrating dorsal laminectomy of the atlas....Figure 34.5 Complete ventral luxation of the axis with severe displacement. ...Figure 34.6 CT three‐dimensional reconstruction of a comminuted fracture of ...Figure 34.7 Lateral topographic anatomy of the fourth cervical vertebrae.Figure 34.8 Oblique displaced fracture of the caudal body of C4 demonstratin...Figure 34.9 Fracture of the base of the cranial articular process and dorsal...Figure 34.10 Long‐standing fracture of the vertebral arch of C5 with ventral...Figure 34.11 Severe osteoarthritis with proliferation of the articular facet...Figure 34.12 (a) Custom‐made V‐shaped block used to stabilize the neck in a ...Figure 34.13 Instruments for efficient exposure of the ventral aspect of the...Figure 34.14 Lateral radiographs of a horizontal displaced fracture of the c...Figure 34.15 Application of a seven‐hole broad LCP. The long‐threaded drill ...Figure 34.16 (a) Laterolateral radiograph of a frontal comminuted displaced ...Figure 34.17 Ventral cervical fusion to stabilize subluxation and dysjunctio...Figure 34.18 Ventral cervical fusion in an 18‐month‐old trotter colt with C3...Figure 34.19 Anatomic specimen demonstrating dorsal laminectomy. Cranial is ...Figure 34.20 Varying degrees of displacement associated with fracture of six...Figure 34.21 Dorsal and oblique lateral scintigraphic studies of a Thoroughb...Figure 34.22 Lateral diagrammatic anatomy of the adult sacrum. Source: Adapt...Figure 34.23 Five‐year‐old thoroughbred filly with a complex sacral fracture...

34 Chapter 35Figure 35.1 Ultrasonic image of a fractured fifth right rib. (a) Longitudina...Figure 35.2 Delayed phase lateral scintigraphic views of a fractured right 1...Figure 35.3 (a) Cranial and (b) lateral delayed phase scintigraphic images o...Figure 35.4 Using towel clamp to elevate a fractured rib in preparation for ...Figure 35.5 Skin incisions following repair of six rib fractures through two...Figure 35.6 Teat cannula inserted and suction applied to dorsal caudal pleur...Figure 35.7 Nylon zip tie tightened to reduce and stabilize fracture.Figure 35.8 Drill bit placed in the fracture line and drilling abaxially to ...Figure 35.9 (a) Modified technique showing the suture passing axial to the f...

35 Chapter 36Figure 36.1 Illustration of the bones of the skull: (a) lateral view and (b)...Figure 36.2 Local anaesthesia in the head region: 1, infraorbital nerve bloc...Figure 36.3 Complex compression fracture of the parietal bone of a mature ho...Figure 36.4 Foal with a fractured petrous portion of the left temporal bone....Figure 36.5 Frontal plane CT image of a fractured sphenoid bone (arrows) in ...Figure 36.6 Pony with a kick injury to the forehead. (a) Clinical appearance...Figure 36.7 Head trauma involving the left frontal and nasal bones with expo...Figure 36.8 Fracture of the left frontal and nasal bones with multiple fragm...Figure 36.9 Illustration of bent pin reduction and fixation of a collapsed f...Figure 36.10 Application of a special traction device to reduce fractures of...Figure 36.11 (a) Illustration of the FlapFix System. (b) Fixation of a fract...Figure 36.12 (a) Radiographic view of a complex fracture of the facial skull...Figure 36.13 (a) Fractures of the incisive bone and maxilla after a kick inj...Figure 36.14 Fracture of the nasal bone. (a) Radiographic evaluation. (b) Th...Figure 36.15 Horse with a kick injury to the eye. (a) Clinical appearance. (...Figure 36.16 Illustration of nerves close to the orbit: 1, facial nerve; 2, ...Figure 36.17 Reduction of an orbital rim fracture with a Langenbeck hook.Figure 36.18 Illustrations of (a) a common collapsed fracture configuration ...Figure 36.19 Clinical application of the technique illustrated in Figure 36....Figure 36.20 Interdental continuous wire‐loop splint as described by Obweges...Figure 36.21 Illustrations of fixation of a fracture involving lateral and c...Figure 36.22 Illustrations of caudal wire anchors. (a) Using a screw. (b) Dr...Figure 36.23 Fixation of a mandibular fracture using orthopaedic cable. (a) ...Figure 36.24 Illustrations showing the options for plate location for an obl...Figure 36.25 Intraoral splints. (a) Placement and dental cerclage fixation o...Figure 36.26 Illustrations of type II external fixators to stabilize mandibu...Figure 36.27 Fracture of the pars incisiva of the mandible. (a) Clinical app...Figure 36.28 Fracture of the mandibular symphysis. (a) Illustration of fixat...Figure 36.29 (a) Illustration of a bilateral unstable fracture of the mandib...Figure 36.30 (a) Lateral radiograph of bilateral fracture of the pars incisi...Figure 36.31 Radiographs illustrating repair of bilateral fractures (black a...Figure 36.32 Comminuted fracture of the mandible. (a) Lateral radiograph sho...Figure 36.33 (a, c) Illustrations of fractures of the vertical ramus of the ...Figure 36.34 Comminuted fracture of the vertical ramus of the mandible in a ...Figure 36.35 Fracture (arrow) of the coronoid process: (a) three‐dimensional...

36 Chapter 37Figure 37.1 Salter–Harris fractures. (a) Type I fracture of a distal radius ...Figure 37.2 Two‐month‐old Arabian foal with a SH type IV fracture of the med...Figure 37.3 Fracture of the lateral palmar process of a distal phalanx in a ...Figure 37.4 Lateral and dorsoplantar radiographs of a four‐month‐old Thoroug...Figure 37.5 Transverse, comminuted fracture of a hindlimb proximal phalanx i...Figure 37.6 (a, b) Pre‐operative radiographs of a two‐month‐old TB with a co...Figure 37.7 Composite DP, LM, DLPMO and DMPLO radiographs of a seven‐week‐ol...Figure 37.8 Composite of DP, LM, DLPMO and DMPLO radiographs of a three‐week...Figure 37.9 DP, LM, DL‐PMO and DM‐PLO radiographs of a six‐week‐old Thorough...Figure 37.10 Displaced basilar fracture of the left forelimb medial proximal...Figure 37.11 A comminuted biaxial fracture of forelimb proximal sesamoid bon...Figure 37.12 (a) Radiographs demonstrating comminuted displaced fractures of...Figure 37.13 Radiographs of the right (a) and left (b) metacarpophalangeal j...Figure 37.14 (a) DP and (b) DL‐PMO radiographs of a Thoroughbred yearling de...Figure 37.15 Radiographs of a SH type II fracture of the distal metatarsal p...Figure 37.16 (a) Radiograph of a two‐month‐old TB filly with a closed transv...Figure 37.17 Tarsal cuboidal hypoplasia in a three‐week‐old Thoroughbred foa...Figure 37.18 (a) Ten weeks post‐operative radiograph following repair of a c...Figure 37.19 Transverse fracture of the distal radial diaphysis in a 150 kg ...Figure 37.20 (a) A two‐month‐old TB foal with a type I (apophyseal avulsion)...Figure 37.21 (a) A three‐month TB Foal with comminuted displaced articular f...Figure 37.22 (a) Radiographs of a comminuted displaced fracture of the calca...Figure 37.23 (a) Radiographs of a 30‐day‐old TB filly with a displaced SH ty...