Geophysical Monitoring for Geologic Carbon Storage

Peder EliassonApplied Geoscience Group SINTEF Industry Trondheim, Norway

George El‐KaseehGSNA Consulting Services, Inc. Klein, Texas, USA

Giacomo FalorniTRE Altamira Inc. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Alessandro FerrettiTRE ALTAMIRA Srl Milan, Italy

Julianna FessendenEarth and Environmental Sciences Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Erika GasperikovaEnergy Geosciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

Kai GaoGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Julia GötzCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Sallie GreenbergIllinois State Geological Survey University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Champaign, Illinois, USA

Igor HaljasmaaLeidos Corporation National Energy Technology Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

William HarbertOak Ridge Institute for Science and Education National Energy Technology Laboratory Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA and Department of Geology and Environmental Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Susan D. HovorkaGulf Coast Carbon Center Bureau of Economic Geology Jackson School of Geosciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin, Texas, USA

Hui HuangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Lianjie HuangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Tuneo IshidoResearch Institute for Geo‐Resources and Environment Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Ibaraki, Japan

Monika IvandicDepartment of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

Alexandra IvanovaCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Paul JaquesSchlumberger Cambridge, UK

Christopher JuhlinDepartment of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

Timothy KneafseyEarth and Environmental Sciences Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

Juliane KummerowCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Axel LiebscherCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Youzuo LinGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Stefan LüthCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Trond MannsethNORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS Bergen, Norway

Ronald MartinezChemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Brian McPhersonEnergy and Geoscience Institute University of Utah Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

Sjef MeekesTNO Utrech, The Netherlands

H. Frank MorrisonUniversity of California at Berkeley Berkeley, California, USA

Alan MurIkon Science Ltd Houston, Texas, USA

Seiji NakagawaEarth and Environmental Sciences Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

Yuji NishiResearch Institute for Geo‐Resources and Environment Geological Survey of Japan National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology Ibaraki, Japan

Ben NordenCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany

Kristy Nowak‐LovatoChemistry Division Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Christopher PurcellCNOOC International Houston, Texas, USA

Etor QuerendezApplied Geoscience Group SINTEF Industry Trondheim, Norway

Anouar RomdhaneApplied Geoscience Group SINTEF Industry Trondheim, Norway

Alessio RucciTRE ALTAMIRA Srl Milan, Italy

Sergey SamsonovCanada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Cornelia Schmidt‐HattenbergerCentre for Geological Storage GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Potsdam, Germany Xuefeng ShangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Yee SoongLeidos Corporation National Energy Technology Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

Lee H. SpanglerEnergy Research Institute Montana State University Bozeman, Montana, USA

Sirui TanGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Svenn TveitNORCE Norwegian Research Centre AS Bergen, Norway

Donald VascoEnergy Geosciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, California, USA

Florian WagnerDepartment of Geophysics Steinmann Institute University of Bonn Bonn, Germany

Yi WangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA and Laboratory of Seismology and Physics of Earth’s Interior School of Earth and Space Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China

Don WhiteGeological Survey of Canada Natural Resources Canada Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Robert WillWRG Subsurface Consulting LLC Littleton, Colorado, USA

Xianjin YangAtmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, California, USA

Fengjiao ZhangDepartment of Earth Sciences Uppsala University Uppsala, Sweden

Zhifu ZhangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA and School of Geophysics and Information Technology China University of Geoscience Beijing, China

Zhigang ZhangGeophysics Group Los Alamos National Laboratory Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA

Geologic carbon storage is the storage of carbon dioxide, generally in supercritical form, in underground geological formations. This kind of underground storage is emerging as a promising technology for dealing with increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Ensuring safe and long‐term CO 2storage in different subsurface settings requires site characterization and monitoring during and post‐CO 2injection. A range of geophysical monitoring techniques can be deployed in this regard, to remotely track subsurface CO 2plumes and to monitor fracture/fault zones (one of the primary leakage paths), caprock integrity, and mineralogical changes. This book provides a comprehensive reference to different geophysical techniques currently used and being developed for monitoring geologic carbon storage and for assessing their advantages and limitations.

The book is divided into four parts, three describing different monitoring methods and techniques and one presenting case studies from around the world. Part I contains two chapters on geodetic and surface monitoring techniques, specifically Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and frequency modulated spectroscopy. Part II looks at subsurface monitoring using seismic techniques, including optimal design for cost‐effective monitoring using microseismic networks and time‐lapse active seismic surveys; offset, walkaway, and 3D vertical seismic profiling (VSP) monitoring/imaging; quantifying time‐lapse changes of subsurface geophysical properties; site characterization using multicomponent seismic data; and workflows for determining fluid and pressure effects resulting from a supercritical CO 2injection in a sandstone reservoir using 4D reflection seismic data and well logs. Part III looks at subsurface monitoring using nonseismic techniques with chapters on time‐lapse gravity surveys; electrical and electromagnetic techniques; electrical resistivity tomography; integrated controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM), gravimetric, seismic amplitude‐versus‐offset (AVO) monitoring; and self‐potential monitoring. Finally, Part IV presents five case studies of geophysical monitoring at different geologic carbon storage sites. The first three are in the United States: the Illinois Basin‐Decatur Project in Decatur, Illinois; Phase III of the Southwest Partnership on Carbon Sequestration in Farnsworth, Texas; and the Southeast Regional Sequestration Partnership project in Cranfield, Mississippi. Two further examples are presented from Europe: the Sleipner project in Norway, and the CO 2injection project at Ketzin in Germany.