Paul J. Mitchell - Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis for Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences

23 4Table D.1 Critical values for U ; One‐tailed test, p = 0.05.Table D.2 Critical values for U ; One‐tailed test, p = 0.01.Table D.3 Critical values for U ; Two‐tailed test, p = 0.05.Table D.4 Critical values for U ; Two‐tailed test, p = 0.01.

24 5Table E.1 Critical values of F , p = 0.05.Table E.2 Critical values of F , p = 0.01.Table E.3 Critical values of F , p = 0.001.

25 7 Table G.1Critical values of z according to the number of comparisons. Table G.2Alternative critical values of z according to the number of compar...

26 8 Table H.1Pearson product moment correlation. Table H.2Spearman rank correlation. Table H.3Kendall's rank correlation (Kendall's tau).

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 The effect of mesulergine on mCPP‐induced hypolocomotion.V... Figure 1.2 Excel spreadsheet showing original rodent locomotor activity data... Figure 1.3 Phenylephrine‐induced contraction of the rat anococcygeus muscle....

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Estimation of pH: precision and accuracy.Summary of data from Ta... Figure 3.2 Measurement of cell population in quadruplicate. Figure 3.3 Multiple estimates of cell population in quadruplicate. Figure 3.4 Comparison of the accuracy and precision of two pH metres.

3 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 A data sample is a random set of values drawn from the parent pop... Figure 4.2 The discrete uniform distribution.X‐axis values indicate the res... Figure 4.3 The Bernoulli distribution.X‐axis values indicate the resulting ... Figure 4.4 The binomial distribution.250 undergraduate students were asked ... Figure 4.5 The exponential distribution.The probability density function of... Figure 4.6 Plasma concentration of drug X following intravenous administrati... Figure 4.7 The Normal Distribution curve, N(30,2).The Normal Distribution c... Figure 4.8 The Chi‐square distribution.The probability density functi... Figure 4.9 The t‐distribution.The probability density function of the... Figure 4.10 The F distribution.The probability density function of the F di...

4 Chapter 5 Figure 5.1 Normal Distribution curves. The probability density function of t... Figure 5.2 Predicted Normal Distribution curves for undergraduate female (n... Figure 5.3 Positively skewed distribution of blood lymphocytes (10 6 cells p... Figure 5.4 Negatively skewed distribution of blood lymphocytes (10 6 cells p... Figure 5.5 A leptokurtic distribution shown by 106 undergraduate female stud... Figure 5.6 A platykurtic distribution shown by 128 male and female 6th form...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Homogeneity of variance.Normal distribution curves for data sets...Figure 6.2 Heterogeneity of variance.Normal distribution curves for data se...Figure 6.3 Histogram plot of lymphocyte number per ml of blood following LogFigure 6.4 Histogram plot of lymphocyte number per ml of blood following squ...Figure 6.5 Histogram plot of lymphocyte number per ml of blood following ant...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Comparison of the normal distribution curve, N(30, 2), (top panel...Figure 7.2 Areas under the curve of the standard normal distribution corresp...Figure 7.3 Areas under the curve of the standard normal distribution corresp...Figure 7.4 Areas under the curve of the standard normal distribution corresp...Figure 7.5 Areas under the curve of the standard normal distribution corresp...Figure 7.6 Probability of male and female students being at least 1.7 m in h...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Head shake behaviour exhibited by 15 male Wistar rats during a 10...Figure 8.2 Box and Whisker plot of head shake behaviour exhibited by 15 male...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Sequential decisions to identify data distribution.Figure 9.2 Histogram of height data obtained from 40 undergraduate female st...Figure 9.3 Histogram of height data for 12 undergraduate female students (20...Figure 9.4 Concentration‐effect curves for a muscarinic receptor agonist on...Figure 9.5 Concentration‐effect curves for a muscarinic receptor agonist on...Figure 9.6 Average concentration‐effect curve of a muscarinic receptor agoni...Figure 9.7 Comparison of the median and range values for Head Shake (closed...Figure 9.8 Box–Whisker plot of Head Shake and Attempt Mount data exhibited b...

9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Areas under the curve of the standard normal distribution corres...

10 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Normal distribution curves of sleeping time data.Calculated nor...Figure 15.2 Sleeping time data – individual differences from the Grand Mean....Figure 15.3 Normal distribution curves of sleeping time data.Figure shows t...Figure 15.4 Normal distribution curves of sleeping time data – calculation o...Figure 15.5 Normal distribution curves of sleeping time data – calculation o...Figure 15.6 Comparison of Between‐Group and Within‐Group variance values....Figure 15.7 Comparison of Between‐Group and Within‐Group variance values....Figure 15.8 Comparison of Between‐Group and Within‐Group variance values....Figure 15.9 Effect of diet on weight gain in mice.Three groups of weight‐ a...Figure 15.10 Effect of drug treatment on systolic blood pressure in rats.Fo...

11 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Effect of time on locomotor activity expressed by male Wistar ra...

12 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Scatterplot of the levels of Enzyme A and Enzyme B for nine subj...Figure 19.2 Scatterplot of birth weight and adult diastolic blood pressure i...Figure 19.3 Scatterplot of age and lung function in 16 healthy subjects. The...Figure 19.4 Scatterplot of age and lung function in 16 healthy subjects subd...Figure 19.5 Comparison of serum C‐reactive protein levels and subjective pai...Figure 19.6 Scatterplot of the rank values for the serum C‐reactive protein...Figure 19.7 Scatterplot of GP vacancies against lost working days. Working d...Figure 19.8 Scatterplot of GP vacancies against lost working days. Working d...

13 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Scatterplot of urinary protein levels and week of pregnancy.Arr...Figure 20.2 Degradation of aqueous atropine sulphate: original data.Figure 20.3 Degradation of aqueous atropine sulphate: transformed data.Figure 20.4 Spectrophotometer absorbance measurements of methylene blue.Sol...Figure 20.5 Spectrophotometer absorbance measurements of methylene blue: LogFigure 20.6 Spectrophotometer absorbance measurements of methylene blue: Log

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2 Title Page Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis for Pharmacology and the Biomedical Sciences Paul J. Mitchell Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology University of Bath Bath, UK Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics National University of Ireland (NUI) Galway, Ireland