Ronald Wilfred Jansen - Anne Frank

15 The Diaries , 8 February 1944.

16 http://www.freebase.com/view/m/073j4gd .

17Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 23.

18Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 23. After WWI, Frankfurt am Main expanded and new districts were built, such as Bergen-Enkheim and Frankfurter Berg.

19Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 23.

20 http://juedischesmuseum.de/museumsgeschichte.html?&L=1 .

21Foods prepared according to Jewish dietary law.

22The exact location of this hospital ‘of the fatherland’s women’s association’ could not be traced: it was destroyed during WWII. Buddy Elias (email 30 December 2010): ‘Yes as much as I know Anne was born in that Klinik. Address unknown to me.’

23 The Diaries , 8 May 1944.

24 http://www.bnaibrith-amsterdam.org/ .

25Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 24. 26 https://www.uzh.ch/khist/static/Online_Docs/100_Jahre_Westend_Synagoge_100_a ni.pdf .

27Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 24.

28Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 24. Some others doubt whether the Franks attended the Westend Synagogue. ‘Ob Familie Frank die Westendsynagoge besuchte weiss ich nicht. Auf jeden Fall war die 4 Westendsynagoge jedoch seit Ihrer Gründung bis zur Progromnacht eine Liberale Synagoge. Erst nach dem 2. Weltkrieg wird sie als orthodoxe Synagoge benutzt (…)’. [I do not know whether the Franks attended the Westend Synagogue. In any case, the Westend Synagogue was a liberal synagogue from its establishment up to the night of the Pogrom. Only after the Second World War did it become an orthodox synagogue (...)’] Email from Rachel Heuberger, Manager Hebraica and Judaica Collection, Frankfurt university library, dated 27 June 2010.

29Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 25.

30 http://www.freebase.com/view/en/herbert_frank .

31 http://www.freebase.com/view/en/gertrud_naumann .

32Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998), p. 33.

33 http://ludwigrichterschule.de/2009/(German only). According to Mr. Erhard Claudy (email dated 24 June 2011) the Ludwig-Richter Schule in Frankfurt am Main still owns a poor quality photograph with Margot Frank on it.

34 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Frank/Life-in-Germany/Happy-years/ .

35The ‘Bund jüdischer Soldaten’ (RjF) was banned by the Nazis in 1938: http://www.bundjuedischersoldaten-online.com/39994.html(German only)

36 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Frank/Life-in-Germany/Crisis-and-anti- Semitism/

37 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_federal_election,_July_1932

38 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Frank/Life-in-Germany/Crisis-and-anti- Semitism/

39 http://www.frankfurt1933-1945.de(German only)

40Melissa Müller refers to this street as the Mertoustrasse (incorrect spelling) Melissa Müller, Anne Frank. De biografie (Amsterdam, 1998) p. 36. 41http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Krebs_(Politiker)(German only).

42 http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/HERTIE-WARENUND- KAUFHAUS-GMBH-company-History.html .

43Translated from German content on: http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/38072330/geschichte(German only, an English summary can be found at http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/43281596/history).

44 http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/38072330/geschichte(German only, an English summary can be found at http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/43281596/history).

45 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Landmann .

46 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Anne-Frank/Life-in-Germany/Emigration-plans/ .

47 http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%206371.pdf .

48Additional information on Georg Salzberger can be found on http://www.judengasse.de/ehtml/P147.htm(German only).

49 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Subsites/Tijdlijn/#!/en/Subsites/Timeline/World- War-Two-1939-1945/The-Arrest/1945/The-ruins-of-the-Hauptwache-the-main- po lice - s tati o n - i n - Fr a n k f u r t - a m - Ma i n - A p rilM a y - 1945 - / .

50 http://www.ffmhist.de/ffm33-45/portal01/portal01.php?ziel=t_hm_frank1(German only).

51 http://www.ffmhist.de/ffm33-45/portal01/portal01.php?ziel=t_jm_hist_ab1945(German only). 4

52Rachel Heuberger and Helgo Krohn, Hinaus aus dem ghetto… Juden in Frankfurt am Main 1800-1950 [Out of the Ghetto: Jews in Frankfurt am Main 1800-1950] (Frankfurt am Main, 1988), p. 202.

53 http://www.jg-ffm.de/index.php/juedische-friedhoefe(German only).

54 http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/38072330/geschichte(German only, an English summary can be found at http://www2.uni-frankfurt.de/43281596/history).

55 http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de(German only, a partial English version can be found at http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de/institut.html?&L=1).

56 http://www.frankfurt-uehrungen.de/frankfurt_tour3_e.htm .

57 http://www.jbs-anne-frank.de/(German only).

58 http://www.jbs-anne-frank.de/(German only).

59Translated from German content on: http://jd-f.de/web/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=17&Itemid=10(German only).

60 http://www.annefrank.org/en/Subsites/Timeline/#!/en/Subsites/Timeline/Postwar- period-1945--present-day/Saved-from-Demolition/1957/Commemoration-of-Anne- Frank-in-Frankfurt-am-Main/ .

61Translated from German: http://www.stadtgeschichte-ffm.de/service/gedenktafeln/buecherverbrennung.html(German only).

62 http://www.anne-frank-schule-frankfurt.de/(German only).

63 http://www.jg-ffm.de/index.php/juedische-friedhoefe(German only).

64 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Church,_Frankfurt_am_Main .

65 http://www.historisches-museum.frankfurt.de/index.php?article_id=73&clang=0(German only).

66 http://juedischesmuseum.de/startseite.html?&L=1 .

67 h ttp://ww w . b un desar c h i v .de/ g eden k b u c h /i n de x .h t m l.e n .

68Information leaflet Special Express to Death. Deportation on the German National Railway .

Whilst Otto was setting up his business in Amsterdam in July of 1933, Anne, Margot and their mother departed for Aachen by train from the Centralbahnhof in Frankfurt am Main. Anne would never again see Frankfurt am Main, the city where she was born. Her short story Paula’s Flight mentions the ‘Frankfurt a/M central station’. 1In an interview she gave shortly before she died, Gertrud, the girl who lived next door to Anne in Frankfurt am Main, said wistfully: ‘I would have loved to hold Anne in my arms once more after she arrived in the Netherlands. I used to change her diapers when she was little, feed her and play with her. I was attached to her and Margot, to the entire family and their friends and acquaintances. Actually, the Franks did not really want to go to the Netherlands. But what else could they do? I knew the Franks and loved them dearly and could never forget them.’ 2Aachen was a ready choice; Edith’s family was from Aachen. Abraham Holländer (1860-1928) (hereafter referred to as Abraham) 3, Rosa’s husband and Anne’s grandfather, relocated to Aachen in 1890 and began a scrapyard on Grünen Weg. Currently, this is a large industrial area. Anne’s other grandmother, Alice, was from Aachen as well. Anne’s grandmothers may have met each other at an early stage. Abraham passed away in 1928, approximately a year before Anne was born. During Anne’s residence in Frankfurt, she stayed with Rosa, who lived in a stately detached home they had purchased at 5 Liebfrauenstrasse (currently 5 Elsa-Brändström-Strasse) 4, the same house where Edith was born. Although the Jewish community in Aachen supported each other, Rosa was going through a difficult period. The Holländers were forced to sell the house on 5 Liebfrauenstrasse due to financial reasons in 1932—four years after Abraham’s demise—with Otto and Edith’s consent since they were partial owners. Since then, Rosa and her three children had been living in rented apartments. 5 64 The Franks travelled by train to Aachen to celebrate Hanukkah 7with Rosa. The very young Anne strolled along the streets of the ancient, medieval city centre with her mother and grandmother, where splendid monuments remind passers-by of its imperial past.