Nitric Oxide in Plants

1 Chapter 1 Table 1.1 The physiological role of NO in plants under abiotic stress.

2 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 Role of nitric oxide (NO) during abiotic stress.

3 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Gene expression mediated by nitric oxide (NO).

4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Summary of identified nitrate transporters...

5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Influences of microbes on plants under abiotic stress.

6 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Impact of nitric oxide (NO) on the...Table 8.2 Interactions of different plant...

7 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Mechanisms and effects of nitric...

8 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Influence of NO on antioxidative...

1 Cover

2 Title page

3 Copyright

4 Table of Contents

5 Preface

6 List of Contributors

7 Begin Reading

8 Index

9 End User License Agreement

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Plant growth and development is significantly influenced by environmental factors. Due to rapid global climate change both biotic and abiotic stresses have intensified and so have the deleterious effects on normal plant growth and productivity. Environmental stress-mediated decline in plant productivity imparts significant pressure on global food security, and therefore threatens the likelihood of serious food crises in the near future for the increasing world population. Stresses result in oxidative damage through excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby inducing the oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Plants have evolved key mechanisms to counteract the damaging effects of stresses. Osmolyte and secondary metabolite accumulation, the antioxidant system, phytochelatin production, ion compartmentation and exclusion, etc. are some of the key mechanisms to counteract the stress factors. All these tolerance mechanisms are regulated at the gene and protein level. Plants exhibiting upregulation of the tolerance mechanisms show better performance in terms of photosynthesis, mineral uptake and assimilation, enzyme functioning, and hence yield productivity. However, it should be mentioned here that enhancing the tolerance potential by employing efficient management practices can be very effective in protecting the yield potential of plants. Every tolerance pathway mentioned above is a combination of many components, which could be organic molecules or enzymes or metabolites. From the past decade onward there has been increasing advocacy for exploiting these individual beneficial molecules to improve the tolerance pathways. In this respect exogenous usage of the key components of tolerance pathways means either foliar or through the roots. Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that was considered toxic for plant metabolism; however, advances in research have confirmed its beneficial role in stress tolerance through its role in signaling and regulation of key developmental events including germination and programmed cell death. Fine-tuned mechanisms elicited by NO have been confirmed through metabolomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic studies. Identification of genes and other key molecules interacting in NO-mediated growth and developmental regulation under stressful conditions is being investigated. Modulations in the endogenous NO concentrations, either through stress exposure or by exogenous application of protectants, confirm the role of NO in plant stress management. In addition, physiological and biochemical studies have confirmed the vital role of optimal NO concentrations in regulation of photosynthesis, carbon assimilation, osmolyte synthesis, antioxidant and secondary metabolite metabolism, and nutrient uptake and assimilation. Interactions with phytohormones like abscisic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and cross-talk with other signaling molecules have been reported to play pivotal roles in NO-mediated stress tolerance in plants. Keeping in view the above mentioned facts this book is compiled with the aim of providing the scientific community with the latest updates and future goals of NO research. Nitric Oxide in Plants: A Molecule with Dual Roles has 13 chapters, with every chapter having updated information about the relevant topic. The book aims to fill the existing knowledge gap in NO and plant metabolism regulation.

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