Sean Gallagher - Musculoskeletal Disorders

10 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Summary of Age‐Related Changes in a Skeletal MuscleTable 12.2 Example of the Effect of a 200 N Load on a Young Tendon Versus a...Table 12.3 BMI Values and Corresponding Weight Categories

11 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Criteria for Assessment of MSD Risk Assessment ToolsTable 13.2 Crude and Adjusted Odds Ratios for the LiFFT Log CD Measure Vers...Table 13.3 OMNI‐Res Scale Damage per Cycle (DPC) Estimates from an In Vitro Table 13.4 Summary of Crude and Adjusted Logistic Regression Analysis for D...Table 13.5 Summary of Crude and Adjusted Logistic Regression Analysis Relat...

12 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Average Ultimate Compressive Strength for Male and Female Spines...Table 14.2 Estimates of Cumulative Damage Derived from the Shoulder ToolTable 14.3 Results of the Cumulative Damage Estimates for The Job Rotation ...

13 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Effects of a Sedentary Lifestyle Versus Active Lifestyle on Musc...Table 15.2 Dietary Factors Necessary for Musculoskeletal HealthTable 15.3 Recommended Sleep DurationsTable 15.4 Suggested Means to Reduce MSD Risk in Occupational SettingsTable 15.5 A Review of Common Pharmacological and Nonpharmacological Treatm...

14 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Factors That Favor Bone Anabolic Versus Catabolic Responses

1 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 A motion segment of the lumbar spine. Figure 2.2 Focal damage in the intervertebral disc. Fissures of grade 1 (gra... Figure 2.3 Lumbar vertebrae and their facet (zygopophyseal) joints, which ar... Figure 2.4 The site of de Quervain’s syndrome is encircled. APL: abductor po... Figure 2.5 Location of inflamed or injured tissues in the extensor carpi rad... Figure 2.6 Partial and full tears in supraspinatus tendons, a rotator cuff t... Figure 2.7 A model for possible early and late events in muscle response to ... Figure 2.8 Location of the carpal tunnel and path of the median nerve in the...

2 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Loose and adipose connective tissues. (a) Loose connective tissue... Figure 3.2 Dense irregular connective tissue in the dermis of the skin. (a) ... Figure 3.3 Extensions of deep fascia around and into individual muscle fiber... Figure 3.4 Single muscle cells (fiber) showing multinucleated nature and str... Figure 3.5 Distribution of different myosin heavy chains detected by immunof... Figure 3.6 Structure of a skeletal muscle. Figure 3.7 A simplified schematic of a sarcomere is shown. A sarcomere is co... Figure 3.8 Diagram of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and T‐tubule system of a ma... Figure 3.9 Vascular anatomy within skeletal muscle. (a) Highly organized vas... Figure 3.10 The sliding‐filament mechanism. Figure 3.11 The neuromuscular junction. Adult skeletal muscle is highly orga... Figure 3.12 Tendon images. (a) Longitudinal tendon section, with examples of... Figure 3.13 Schematic depicting the hierarchical structure of tendon, with i... Figure 3.14 Hyaline cartilage. (a and b) Hyaline cartilage in the articular ... Figure 3.15 Fibrocartilage in the intervertebral discs between the vertebrae... Figure 3.16 Elastic cartilage. Figure 3.17 Bone cells. (a) Osteoblasts on the surface of trabeculae (larger... Figure 3.18 The organization of long bones. (a) Three‐dimensional micro comp... Figure 3.19 Osteons in cortical bone. (a) The osteocytes canaliculi are visi... Figure 3.20 Ligaments. (a) A diagram showing the ligament of the knee: later...

3 Chapter 4 Figure 4.1 Sensory (afferent) nerves send signals from peripheral sensory te... Figure 4.2 Types of neurons based on shape.Figure 4.3 Typical multipolar neurons with glial cells that myelinate depict...Figure 4.4 Peripheral nerve histological sections. (a) A cross‐section of a ...Figure 4.5 Schwann cells around unmyelinated peripheral nerve axons.Figure 4.6 (a) Stimulus‐induced amplitude‐graded receptor potentials at rece...Figure 4.7 A schematic view of an idealized action potential that illustrate...Figure 4.8 Innervation of muscles and tendons. Depiction of an alpha motor n...Figure 4.9 A Golgi tendon organ. The vertical dashed lines represent the col...Figure 4.10 A spinal cord cut cross‐sectionally.Figure 4.11 Diagram of the spinocerebellar tract and anterolateral system (A...

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An example of Newton's third law of motion. The worker pushes on ...Figure 5.2 A 50 N downward force vector created by gravitational acceleratio...Figure 5.3 Moment example: (a) a 1 kg (9.8 N) load placed 1 m to the right o...Figure 5.4 Free body diagram of weight‐holding example. Note sign convention...Figure 5.5 Reactive moment and reactive forces acting at the elbow.Figure 5.6 Biomechanical analysis including internal (muscle) forces. The mu...Figure 5.7 Example of the use of the parallel axis theorem. (a) The mass mom...Figure 5.8 Dynamic biomechanical example.

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The displacement of the spring is proportional to the force appli...Figure 6.2 An undeformed object and the same object under tensile, compressi...Figure 6.3 Material stress–strain curve. A = proportional limit, B = ...Figure 6.4 Relationship of stress and strain for a cortical bone at differen...Figure 6.5 Stress and strain responses of a viscoelastic solid to an increas...Figure 6.6 Stress‐relaxation response of a viscoelastic solid subjected to a...Figure 6.7 Hysteresis is evident in cyclic loading of a tendon at various pe...Figure 6.8 Model of the nonlinear stress–strain relationship in tendon and l...Figure 6.9 Scanning electron micrographs showing the mechanism of cartilage ...Figure 6.10 Ultimate stress values for femoral cortical bone samples from ma...Figure 6.11 Muscle strain response in tetanized and passive states.Figure 6.12 Physical stresses placed on peripheral nerves. Tensile stress ap...Figure 6.13 Correlation between biomechanical strain and incidence of endone...Figure 6.14 Core pullout and force‐strain profiles of core versus sheath. (a...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Fatigue failure data from ex vivo testing of human extensor digit...Figure 7.2 Inferred relationship between the knee pivot landing force ( F ) in...Figure 7.3 Comparison of S–N curves from studies assessing fatigue fai...Figure 7.4 Fatigue failure responses of spinal motion segments using combine...Figure 7.5 Grades of progressive internal disc disruption. Bogduk, N., April...Figure 7.6 Tensile fatigue failure responses of articular cartilage samples ...Figure 7.7 Multiple regression lines obtained by Carter, D., & Hayes, W. (19...Figure 7.8 The relationship between strain range and cycles to failure for b...Figure 7.9 Fatigue life of cortical bone in shear (R 2= 0.89, p < 0.00001). ...Figure 7.10 Comparison of the fatigue characteristics of trabecular (group 1...Figure 7.11 Tendon and serum responses to performance of reaching and graspi...Figure 7.12 Experimental setup used by Fung et al. (2009) in their study of ...Figure 7.13 Imaging of the progressive tendon damage resulting from exposure...Figure 7.14 Cartilage responses in the distal radius (wrist) to the performa...Figure 7.15 Bone responses in the distal metaphysis of the radius to perform...Figure 7.16 Three levels of eccentric exercise used in Huangfu et al. (2018)...Figure 7.17 (a) The HF‐LR group demonstrated significant reductions in MIVC ...Figure 7.18 Expected force‐repetition interaction pattern for cumulative dam...Figure 7.19 Results of seven cross‐sectional epidemiological studies allowin...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Biomechanical factors used in static biomechanical analysis model...Figure 8.2 Model of physical risk factors and their role in the fatigue fail...

8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Cyclic loading regimens: (a) completely reversed cyclic loading; ...Figure 9.2 Process of fatigue failure in a material, starting from surface n...Figure 9.3 Stress‐life ( S – N ) curve. Low‐cycle fatigue (characterized by repe...Figure 9.4 Difference in the proportion of time spent in damage nucleation, ...Figure 9.5 Hysteresis loop.Figure 9.6 Median life data for extensor digitorum longus tendon. Modified f...Figure 9.7 Goodman and Gerber estimates of constant fatigue life given the s...Figure 9.8 Hypothetical tendon loading with a stress amplitude ( S a) of 15...Figure 9.9 The equivalent fully reversed load history to the nonzero mean st...Figure 9.10 (a) Tendon stress history for 30‐s work task; (b) Rainflow algor...Figure 9.11 Graphical depiction of the results of a spectrum loading history...Figure 9.12 Weibull plot for the EDL tendon fatigue loaded at 20% UTS.Figure 9.13 Example of a load history containing four loading cycles combine...