Poly(lactic acid)

5 THERMAL DEGRADATION BEHAVIOR OF PLA STEREOCOMPLEX: scPLA 20.6 CONTROL OF RACEMIZATION 20.7 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 21 HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.1 INTRODUCTION 21.2 DEGRADATION MECHANISM 21.3 PARAMETERS FOR HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.4 STRUCTURAL AND PROPERTY CHANGES DURING HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.5 APPLICATIONS OF HYDROLYTIC DEGRADATION 21.6 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 22 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION 22.1 INTRODUCTION 22.2 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF PLA FILMS 22.3 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF THIN FILMS 22.4 ENZYMATIC DEGRADATION OF LAMELLAR CRYSTALS 22.5 RECENT ADVANCES IN CHARACTERIZATION OF ENZYMES THAT DEGRADE PLAs INCLUDING PDLA AND RELATED COPOLYMERS 22.6 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES REFERENCES 23 ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT AND LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF POLY (LACTIC ACID) 23.1 INTRODUCTION TO LCA AND ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINTS 23.2 LIFE CYCLE CONSIDERATIONS FOR PLA 23.3 REVIEW OF BIOPOLYMER LCA STUDIES 23.4 IMPROVING PLA'S ENVIRONMENTAL FOOTPRINT REFERENCES 24 END‐OF‐LIFE SCENARIOS FOR POLY(LACTIC ACID) 24.1 INTRODUCTION 24.2 TRANSITION FROM A LINEAR TO A CIRCULAR ECONOMY FOR PLASTICS 24.3 WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 24.4 END‐OF‐LIFE SCENARIOS FOR PLA 24.5 LCA OF END‐OF‐LIFE SCENARIO FOR PLA 24.6 FINAL REMARKS REFERENCES

13 PART V: APPLICATIONS 25 MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 25.1 INTRODUCTION 25.2 MINIMAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDICAL DEVICES 25.3 PRECLINICAL AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PLA DEVICES 25.4 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 26 PACKAGING AND CONSUMER GOODS 26.1 INTRODUCTION: POLYLACTIC ACID (PLA) IN PACKAGING AND CONSUMER GOODS 26.2 FOOD AND BEVERAGE 26.3 DISTRIBUTION PACKAGING 26.4 OTHER CONSUMER GOODS: AUTOMOTIVE 26.5 OTHER CONSUMER GOODS 26.6 CHALLENGES AND FINAL REMARKS REFERENCES 27 TEXTILE APPLICATIONS 27.1 INTRODUCTION 27.2 MANUFACTURING, PROPERTIES, AND STRUCTURE OF PLA FIBERS 27.3 KEY PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF PLA FIBERS 27.4 POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS 27.5 CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES 28 ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS 28.1 INTRODUCTION 28.2 APPLICATION TO WATER AND WASTEWATER TREATMENT 28.3 APPLICATION TO METHANOGENESIS 28.4 APPLICATION TO BIOREMEDIATION 28.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND PROSPECTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS REFERENCES

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Introduction TABLE P.1 Significant Events Related to PLA Production that Occurred Over th...

2 Chapter 1 TABLE 1.1 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid [14] TABLE 1.2 Summary of Lactic Acid Purification Methods TABLE 1.3 Physical Properties of the Lactides

3 Chapter 2 TABLE 2.1 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid TABLE 2.2 Physical Properties of Lactide TABLE 2.3 Vapor Pressure of Anhydrous Lactic Acid TABLE 2.4 Liquid Phase Mole Fractions of Lactic Acid + Water VLE at 101.33... TABLE 2.5 Vapor Phase Mole Fractions of Lactic Acid + Water VLE at 101.33 k...

4 Chapter 3 TABLE 3.1 Diisocyanates Used in the Preparation of Aliphatic Poly(ester‐ure... TABLE 3.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ester‐urethane)s...

5 Chapter 5 TABLE 5.1 Unit Cell Parameters Reported for the sc Crystals TABLE 5.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Representative Bio‐Based... TABLE 5.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Reported for the sc‐PLA‐Based C...

6 Chapter 7 TABLE 7.1 Infrared Spectroscopy Data: Peak Band Assignments for Semicrystal... TABLE 7.2 Assignments for the FTIR Bands in the 1260–1000 cm−1 Region for P...

7 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1 Glass Transition Temperature (T g), Change of Specific Heat at T ...TABLE 8.2 Effect of Cooling Rate on the Residual Molar Mass of Different Vi...TABLE 8.3 Glass Transition Temperature (T g) and Change of Specific Heat at...TABLE 8.4 Thermal Data of Selected PLA Commercial Polymers (Pellets), Selec...

8 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1 Nomenclature of Dilute Solution ViscometryTABLE 9.2 Flexible Linear Polymer Melt Chain Comparisons.

9 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1 Mechanical Properties of PLLA Specimens with Different Molecular...TABLE 10.2 Mechanical Properties of PDLLA Specimens with Different Molecula...TABLE 10.3 Influence of Temperature on PLA Flexural Properties [39]TABLE 10.4 Overview of Main End‐Use Characteristics of PLA Nanocomposites [...TABLE 10.5 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA Plasticized with Differ...

10 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1 EP, ED, and ΔHS for Selected Gases at 0% RH, Except for ClO2 at 5...TABLE 11.2 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of Gases in PLA Film as Degr...TABLE 11.3 E P, E D, and ΔH S of O2 in PLATABLE 11.4 A Summary of Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of O2 in PLA at...TABLE 11.5 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of O2 in PLA Films as Degree...TABLE 11.6 E P, E D, and ΔH S of Water Vapor in PLA FilmsTABLE 11.7 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of Water Vapor in PLA Films...TABLE 11.8 Factors Affecting Mass Transfer Properties of Organic Vapors in...

11 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1 General Conditions to Determine Migration from Materials Intende...

12 Chapter 13TABLE 13.1 Primary Transition Temperatures of Selected PLA Copolymers [17]...TABLE 13.2 Drying Half‐Times for PLA Pellets Under −40°C Dew Point and Airf...TABLE 13.3 Mechanical Properties of 90/10 (L/D,L) PLA (Mw 145,000 Da) Under...TABLE 13.4 Recommended Drawing Conditions in the Machine and Transverse Dir...TABLE 13.5 Typical Melt Temperature Profile for PLATABLE 13.6 Typical Quenching Conditions for PLATABLE 13.7 Typical Conditions for Dry and Wet Spinning of Stereocomplex [11...TABLE 13.8 Electrospinning Process Conditions for PLA Polymers

13 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Nonbiodegradable Polymer...TABLE 14.2 Thermal Properties of PLLA/PIP‐g‐PVAc Blend [97]TABLE 14.3 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Polymer an...TABLE 14.4 Oxygen and water vapor permeability coefficients of the films [2...TABLE 14.5 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Some PLA and Starch Blen...TABLE 14.6 Sample Composition and Screw Speed for Production of PLA‐g‐MA [3...TABLE 14.7 Hansen Solubility Parameters of PLA and Popular Plasticizers [35...

14 Chapter 15TABLE 15.1 Characteristics of Some Commercially Available CFAs [20]TABLE 15.2 Pressure Dependence of CO2‐Induced Crystallization in PLLA at 25...TABLE 15.3 Morphological Properties of Unfoamed and Foamed PLA/Nanocomposit...TABLE 15.4 Molecular Weight and T g of Unfoamed PLA (l‐lactide >92 wt%, Na...TABLE 15.5 Effect of Epoxy‐functionalized and Food‐Grade‐Approved Chain Ext...TABLE 15.6 Effect of CO2 Content on the Physical Characteristics of Neat PL...TABLE 15.7 Effect of D‐Lactic Acid Content on the Crystallinity Developed i...TABLE 15.8 Effect of Processing Temperature Profile on the Pressure Drop Ra...TABLE 15.9 Morphological Characteristics of Linear PLA (PLA 2002D) and Bran...TABLE 15.10 Cell Morphology of Microcellular Injection Molded Neat PLA and...TABLE 15.11 Cell Morphology and Compressive Strength of PLA Foamed with 2 w...TABLE 15.12 Influence of Density on the Impact Strength of Unfoamed and Mic...TABLE 15.13 Tensile Properties of Unfoamed and Batch Microcellular Foamed P...TABLE 15.14 Physicomechanical Properties of Low‐Density PLA Foams [105, 106...TABLE 15.15 Static Tensile and Dynamic Properties of Solid (S) and Microcel...

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