Т.Ю.Кущ, М.С.ВоловникАнглийский язык для судовых электромехаников. ENGLISH FOR MARINE ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS. 1986

4. What function does a counter serve?

25 ‘ 7

Work in pairs. Prepare a short talk with your fellow-student on synchronous counters. Use ex. 23, 24. Then record your talk on a tape.

26 1

What is the name of this apparatus?

It is used for operating ammeters, wattmeters, and other measuring devices. It produces in the meters a current lower than the measured current but proportional to it. It also insulates the instrument from the circuit which is being measured. This is necessary for high voltage circuits.

27 9

Practice pronunciation. Open your textbooks and repeat after the speaker in pauses 3 paragraphs of the recorded text “Synchronous Counters”. Then close your books and do the same with paragraphs 4—9.

28 4

Dwell upon the subject of the story. Expand the ideas expressed in it.

One day Einstein was asked what the third world war would be like and what weapons would be used.

— I haven’t the slightest idea, — answered the' great scientist, — but I’m deadly certain men will have to use clubs, stones, knives, spears when the fourth world war breaks out. ..

The fourth class period

29 3

In the following sentences insert Infinitives.

1. Clear input permits ... counter in any time. 2. Each output may ...

to either level by entering the desired data' at the data inputs while the

load input is low. 3. The output will ... with data inputs independently of the count pulses. 4. This feature allows the counters ... as module-N dividers.

30 4

Choose the suitable Infinitive phrase to complete every sentence.

1. The counters are designed. .. 2. Both borrow and carry outputs are • available.... 3. He had taken extraordinary steps.... 4. Any absorption in this region is too weak. ... 5. It is possible that some errors may. . . .

6. For a long time the atom was thought.... 7. The transformer is

known. ... 8. Rubber and cotton insulations tend. . . . a) to be observed; b) to be cascaded; c) have resulted from careless operation; d) to burn up when wires are overloaded; e) to ensure the precision of measurements; f) to be a useful apparatus; g) to be indivisible; h) to cascade both the up and down counting functions.

31 3

Listen to 1—4 paragraphs of the text and translate them orally in pauses.

32 3

Respond to the questions. Compare your results with the text.

1. How can you tell when overflow occurs?

2. How can you tell when underflow occurs?

3. What is the function of clear input?

4. What is the function of data output?

33 2

Fill in the blanks with suitable words.

1. Data input and load input for ... counter to desirable initial number.

2. Carry output is for indication ... of counter. 3. The reversible counters have the following inputs: clock pulses inputs for ... and counting up.

34 3

Speak on the cascading of counters using the words below:

1-. counter, design, cascade; 2. both, borrow, carry, output, available, up, down, counting, function; 3. borrow, produce, pulse, counter, underflow;

4. similarly, carry, produce, pulse, overflow, occur.

35 3

Complete the following sentences in such a way that they make sense. Compare your results with the text.

1. The counters can be easily cascaded by... . 2. The output will change to agree with.... 3. Counters are fully programmable that is. .. .

36 6

Work in pairs. Explain the theory of relativity to your fellow student.

37 15 Check your reading skills. See ex. 32, Section 1, Unit 2.

Automation

Automation has been, and is still, a greatly misused word but its proper meaning and, therefore, its implications, is gradually becoming better understood. It is a concept through which a machine system is caused to operate) with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation and control. It involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system so that the best corrective actions can be applied as soon as they become necessary. Thus automation should produce the optimum result. Unfortunately the word has gathered many wrong and half-wrong associations all of which imply mechanization, which in turn implies unthinking repetitive motion and this is the exact opposite of automation.

Fill in the blanks:

1. Automation has been, and is still, a greatly ... . a) misused word;

b) elimination of practical human judgement; c) essential skill and experience of an operator.

2. Automation is a concept through which ... is caused to operate with maximum efficiency by means of adequate measurement, observation and control, a) mechanization; b) unthinking repetitive motion; c) a machine system.

3. Automation involves a detailed and continuous knowledge of the functioning of the system so that ... as soon as they become necessary.

a) the skill and experience of the trained operator will still be essential;.

b) the best corrective actions can be applied; c) the engineer’s aim has always been to make the best use of machines, materials and money.

Now record your time and results.

Give the exact translation.

Frequency

The number of cycles per second is the frequency of an a-c. There are two frequencies: the standard for Europe is 50 cycles per second while the standard for the USA is 60 cycles per second. A standard frequency has a great advantage since different systems can be interconnected.

39 3

Ask each other questions covering the text.

Electronic Control of Motors

It is necessary to control motors. That is, motors must be started, stopped, and reversed, and, within limits, it must bej possible to control their speed.

The controls needed to perform these various functions on d-c motors are designed to alter the quantity or the direction of the current in the field or in the armature of the motor. On d-c controls, these functions were shown to consist mainly of resistances, switches, and solenoids.

It is possible to control motors, not only electromechanically an-d electromagnetically, but also electronically, by means of vacuum tubes or gas-filled tubes. Some electronic devices can be made to operate a relay which in turn controls a motor. Others influence the amount and direction of current flowing in the motor circuit and thus the action of the motor itself. Both types may be found in one control device.

40 3

Work in pairs. Dwell with your fellow-student on basic elements of automation. Use ex. 19, 20, 37, 39.

41 35

Home exercise. Pick out all the sentences with Infinitive and translate them. Be prepared to dwell on the science of the future.

Science of the Future

Alf: I can’t understand what made you buy such an expensive electronic computer!

Eric: I didn’t buy it. I got my father to do it.

Alf: Really?

Eric: The other day we went to see an exhibition of various devices of

that kind and when my father saw a computer wash the dishes, peal potatoes, sweep thq floor, scratch somebody’s back, and what not, he was thrilled to pieces, and had the makers send one to our flat at once.

Alf: It must have been a sight worth seeing, I suppose.

Eric: I don’t want you to get so excited, but it’s really marvellous. When I come to think what brain-work went to its making, and how well off some brainless people can be, I really begin to think I ought to have taken up electronics.

Alf: You seem to have forgotten how bad you were at mathematics when you were at school...

Eric: Now, that Eve got the computer, I can be taught mathematics or any other subject in no time, and if I’d had one at school I would have

been taught everything practically with no effort at all!

Alf: Do you mean to say you want the electronic computer to teach you how to work?