Макс Тегмарк - Life 3.0 - Being Human in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

6. See Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2004).

7. Perhaps we’re only aware of a tiny fraction (say 10–50 bits) of the information that enters our brain each second: K. Küpfmüller, 1962, “Nachrichtenverarbeitung im Menschen,” in Taschenbuch der Nachrichtenverarbeitung, ed. K. Steinbuch (Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1962): 1481–1502. T. Nørretranders, The User Illusion: Cutting Consciousness Down to Size (New York: Viking, 1991).

8. Michio Kaku, The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind (New York: Doubleday, 2014); Jeff Hawkins and Sandra Blakeslee, On Intelligence (New York: Times Books, 2007); Stanislas Dehaene, Michel Kerszberg and Jean-Pierre Changeux, “A Neuronal Model of a Global Workspace in Effortful Cognitive Tasks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (1998): 14529–14534.

9. Video celebrating Penfield’s famous “I can smell burnt toast” experiment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSN86kphL68. Sensorimotor cortex details: Elaine Marieb and Katja Hoehn, Anatomy & Physiology, 3rd ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson, 2008), 391–395.

10. The study of neural correlates of consciousness (NCCs) has become quite mainstream in the neuroscience community in recent years—see, e.g., Geraint Rees, Gabriel Kreiman, and Christof Koch, “Neural Correlates of Consciousness in Humans,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3 (2002): 261–270, and Thomas Metzinger, Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Empirical and Conceptual Questions (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000).

11. How continuous flash suppression works: Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2004); Christof Koch and Naotsugu Tsuchiya, “Continuous Flash Suppression Reduces Negative Afterimages,” Nature Neuroscience 8 (2005): 1096–1101.

12. Christof Koch, Marcello Massimini, Melanie Boly and Giulio Tononi, “Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Progress and Problems,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 17 (2016): 307.

13. See Koch, The Quest for Consciousness, p. 260, and further discussion in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://tinyurl.com/consciousnessdelay.

14. On synchronization of conscious perception: David Eagleman, The Brain: The Story of You (New York: Pantheon, 2015), and Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, http://tinyurl.com/consciousnesssync.

15. Benjamin Libet, Mind Time: The Temporal Factor in Consciousness (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004); Chun Siong Soon, Marcel Brass, Hans-Jochen Heinze and John-Dylan Haynes, “Unconscious Determinants of Free Decisions in the Human Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 11 (2008): 543–545, online at http://www.nature.com/neuro/journal/v11/n5/full/nn.2112.html.

16. Examples of recent theoretical approaches to consciousness:

- Daniel Dennett, Consciousness Explained (Back Bay Books, 1992)

- Bernard Baars, In the Theater of Consciousness: The Workspace of the Mind (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001)

- Christof Koch, The Quest for Consciousness: A Neurobiological Approach (New York: W. H. Freeman, 2004)

- Gerald Edelman and Giulio Tononi, A Universe of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination (New York: Hachette, 2008)

- António Damásio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York: Vintage, 2012)

- Stanislas Dehaene, Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts (New York: Viking, 2014)

- Stanislas Dehaene, Michel Kerszberg and Jean-Pierre Changeux, “A Neuronal Model of a Global Workspace in Effortful Cognitive Tasks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95 (1998): 14529–14534

- Stanislas Dehaene, Lucie Charles, Jean-Rémi King and Sébastien Marti, “Toward a Computational Theory of Conscious Processing,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 25 (2014): 760–784

17. Thorough discussion of different uses of the term “emergence” in physics and philosophy by David Chalmers: http://cse3521.artifice.cc/Chalmers-Emergence.pdf.

18. Me arguing that consciousness is the way information feels when being processed in certain complex ways: https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0510188, https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.0646, Max Tegmark, Our Mathematical Universe (New York: Knopf, 2014). David Chalmers expresses a related sentiment in his 1996 book The Conscious Mind: “Experience is information from the inside; physics is information from the outside.”

19. Adenauer Casali et al., “A Theoretically Based Index of Consciousness Independent of Sensory Processing and Behavior,” Science Translational Medicine 5 (2013): 198ra105, online at http://tinyurl.com/zapzip.

20. Integrated information theory doesn’t work for continuous systems:

- https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.1219

- http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00063/full

- https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.02626

21. Interview with Clive Wearing, whose short-term memory is only about 30 seconds: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw.

22. Scott Aaronson IIT critique: http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=1799.

23. Cerrullo IIT critique, arguing that integration isn’t a sufficient condition for consciousness: http://tinyurl.com/cerrullocritique.

24. IIT prediction that simulated humans will be zombies: http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/370/1668/20140167.

25. Shanahan critique of IIT: https://arxiv.org/pdf/1504.05696.pdf.

26. Blindsight: http://tinyurl.com/blindsight-paper.

27. Perhaps we’re only aware of a tiny fraction (say 10–50 bits) of the information that enters our brain each second: Küpfmüller, “Nachrichtenverarbeitung im Menschen”; Nørretranders, The User Illusion.

28. The case for and against “consciousness without access”: Victor Lamme, “How Neuroscience Will Change Our View on Consciousness,” Cognitive Neuroscience (2010): 204–220, online at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17588921003731586.

29. “Selective Attention Test,” at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJG698U2Mvo.

30. See Lamme, “How Neuroscience Will Change Our View on Consciousness,” n. 28.

31. This and other related issues are discussed in detail in Daniel Dennett’s book Consciousness Explained .

32. See Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow , cited in n. 5.

33. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy reviews the free will controversy: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/freewill.

34. Video of Seth Lloyd explaining why an AI will feel like it has free will: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Epj3DF8jDWk.

35. See Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory: The Search for the Fundamental Laws of Nature (New York: Pantheon, 1992).

36. The first thorough scientific analysis of our far future: Freeman J. Dyson, “Time Without End: Physics and Biology in an Open Universe,” Reviews of Modern Physics 51, no. 3 (1979): 447, available online at http://blog.regehr.org/extra_files/dyson.pdf.

Epilogue

1. The open letter (http://futureoflife.org/ai-open-letter) that emerged from the Puerto Rico conference argued that research on how to make AI systems robust and beneficial is both important and timely, and that there are concrete research directions that can be pursued today, as exemplified in this research-priorities document: http://futureoflife.org/data/documents/research_priorities.pdf.