Стивен Пинкер - Чистый лист - Природа человека. Кто и почему отказывается признавать ее сегодня

14. Berent, Pinker, & Shimron, 1999; Marcus et al., 1995; Pinker, 1997; Pinker, 1999; Pinker, 2001a; Pinker &Prince, 1988.

15. Pinker, 1997, pp. 112–131.

16. Pinker, 1999. See also Clahsen, 1999; Marcus, 2001a; Marslen-Wilson & Tyler, 1998; Pinker, 1991.

17. See Marcus et al., 1995, and Marcus, 2001a, for examples.

18. Hinton & Nowlan, 1987; Nolfi, Elman, & Parisi, 1994.

19. For examples, see Hummel & Biederman, 1992; Marcus, 2001a; Shastri, 1999; Smolensky, 1990.

20. Deacon, 1997; Elman et al., 1996; Hard-castle & Buller, 2000; Panskepp & Panskepp, 2000; Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997.

21. Elman et al, 1996, p. 108.

22. Quartz & Sejnowski, 1997, pp. 552, 555.

23. Maguire et al., 2000.

24. E. Κ. Miller, 2000.

25. Sadato et al., 1996.

26. Neville & Bavelier, 2000; Petitto et al., 2000.

27. Pons et al., 1991; Ramachandran & Blakeslee, 1998.

28. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.

29. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Miller, Keller, & Stryker, 1989.

30. Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.

31. For related arguments, see Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz & Crowley, 2002; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Marcus, 2001b.

32. R. Restak, "Rewiring" (Review of The talking cure by S. C. Vaughan), New York Times Book Review, June 22, 1997, pp. 14–15.

33. D. Milmore," 'Wiring' the brain for life," Boston Globe, November 2, 1997, pp. N5 — N8.

34. William Jenkins, quoted in A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.

35. Quotations from A. Ellin, "Can 'neurobics' do for the brain what aerobics do for the lungs?" New York Times, October 3, 1999.

36. G. Kolata, "Muddling fact and fiction in policy," New York Times, August 8, 1999.

37. Bruer, 1997; Bruer, 1999.

38. R. Saltus, "Study shows brain adaptable," Boston Globe, April 20, 2000.

39. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995, p. 388.

40. Crick & Koch, 1995.

41. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.

42. См. предыдущую ссылку, а также Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996.

43. Geary & Huffman, 2002; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001.

44. D. Normile, "Gene expression differs in human and chimp brains," Science, 292, 2001, pp. 44–45.

45. Kaas, 2000, p. 224.

46. Hardcastle & Buller, 2000; Panksepp & Panksepp, 2000.

47. Gu & Spitzer, 1995.

48. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996.

49. Catalano & Shatz, 1998; Crair, Gillespie, & Stryker, 1998; Katz & Shatz, 1996; Stryker, 1994.

50. Каталано и Шатц, 1998; Страйкер, 1994.

51. Wang et al., 1998.

52. Brown, 1985; Hamer & Copeland, 1994.

53. J. R. Skoyles, June 7, 1999, on an email discussion list for evolutionary psychology.

54. Recanzone, 2000, p. 245.

55. Van Essen & Deyoe, 1995.

56. Kosslyn, 1994.

57. Kennedy, 1993; Kosslyn, 1994, pp. 334–335; Zimler & Keenan, 1983; though see also Arditi, Holtzman, & Kosslyn, 1988.

58. Petitto et al., 2000.

59. Klima & Bellugi, 1979; Padden & Perlmutter, 1987; Siple & Fischer, 1990.

60. Cramer & Sur, 1995; Sharma, Angelucci, & Sur, 2000; Sur, 1988; Sur, Angelucci, & Sharma, 1999.

61. Sur, 1988, pp. 44, 45.

62. Bregman, 1990; Bregman & Pinker, 1978; Kubovy, 1981.

63. Hubel, 1988.

64. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000; Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Krubitzer & Huffman, 2000; Levitt, 2000; Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999; Preuss, 2000; Preuss, 2001; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001; Tessier-Lavigne & Goodman, 1996; Verhage et al., 2000; Zhou & Black, 2000.

65. Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000, p. 209.

66. Crowley & Katz, 2000.

67. Verhage et al., 2000.

68. Miyashita-Lin et al., 1999.

69. Bishop, Coudreau, & O'Leary, 2000. See also Rakic, 2001.

70. Thompson et al., 2001.

71. Brugger et al., 2000; Melzack, 1990; Melzack et al., 1997; Ramachandran, 1993.

72. Curtiss, de Bode, & Shields, 2000; Stromswold, 2000.

73. Described in Stromswold, 2000.

74. Farah et al., 2000.

75. Anderson et al., 1999.

76. Anderson, 1976; Pinker, 1979; Pinker, 1984a; Quine, 1969.

77. Adams et al., 2000.

78. Tooby & Cosmides, 1992; Williams, 1966.

79. Gallistel, 2000; Hauser, 2000.

80. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Burnham & Phelan, 2000; Wright, 1994.

81. Brown, 1991.

82. Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1997, chap. 5.

83. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Gopnik, Meltzoff, & Kuhl, 1999; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Leslie, 1994; Spelke, 1995; Spelke et al., 1992.

84. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Fisher et al., 1998; Frangiskakis et al., 1996; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lai et al., 2001; Rossen et al., 1996.

85. Bouchard, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001.

86. Caspi, 2000; McCrae et al., 2000.

87. Bouchard, 1994; Harris, 1998a; Plomin et al., 2001; Turkheimer, 2000.

88. См. ссылки к этой главе.

ЧАСТЬ II. СТРАХ И НЕНАВИСТЬ

1. Глава 6. Ученые-политики

2. Weizenbaum, 1976.

3. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p.x.

4. Herrnstein, 1971.

5. Jensen, 1969; Jensen, 1972.

6. Herrnstein, 1973.

7. Darwin, 1872/1998; Pinker, 1998.

8. Ekman, 1987; Ekman, 1998.

9. Wilson, 1975/2000.

10. Sahlins, 1976, p. 3.

11. Sahlins, 1976, p. x.

12. Allen et al., 1975, p. 43.

13. Chorover, 1979, pp. 108–109.

14. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 548.

15. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 555.

16. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 550.

17. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 554.

18. Wilson, 1975/2000, p. 569.

19. Segerstråle, 2000; Wilson, 1994.

20. Wright, 1994.

21. Trivers & Newton, 1982.

22. Trivers, 1981.

23. Trivers, 1981, p. 37.

24. Gould, 1976a; Gould, 1981; Gould, 1998a; Lewontin, 1992; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984; Rose & Rose, 2000; Rose, 1997.

25. Только в названиях работ мы встречаем слово «детерминизм» у Гулда, 1976a; Роуза, 1997; Роуза и Группы диалектической биологии, 1982; и в четырех из девяти глав у Левонтина, Роуза и Камина, 1984.

26. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 236.

27. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 5.

28. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 164.

29. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 11.

30. Dawkins, 1985.

31. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 287.

32. Dawkins, 1976/1989, p. 20, ударение добавлено.

33. Levins & Lewontin, 1985, pp. 88, 128; Lewontin, 1983, p. 68; Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 287; Lewontin, 1982, p. 18, здесь перефразировано «управляется нашими генами".

34. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 149.

35. Lewontin, Rose, & Kamin, 1984, p. 260.

36. Rose, 1997, p. 211.

37. Freeman, 1999.

38. Письмо Тернера и Спонсела можно найти на сайте Коннектикутского университета uconn.edu/gradstudents/dhume/darkness_in_el_dorado.

39. Chagnon, 1988; Chagnon, 1992.

40. Tierney, 2000.

41. University of Michigan Report on the Ongoing Investigation of the Neel-Chagnon Allegations ( www.umich.edu/~urel/darkness.html); John J. Miller, "The Fierce People: The wages of anthropological incorrectness," National Review, November 20, 2000.