Стивен Пинкер - Чистый лист - Природа человека. Кто и почему отказывается признавать ее сегодня

Глава 3. Последнее препятствие

1. Wilson, 1998. Идея была выдвинута Джоном Туби и Ледой Космидес в 1992 г.

2. Anderson, 1995; Crevier, 1993; Gardner, 1985; Pinker, 1997.

3. Fodor, 1994; Haugeland, 1981; Newell, 1980; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2.

4. Brutus.1, by Selmer Bringsjord. S. Bringsjord, "Chess is too easy," Technology Review, March/April 1998, pp. 23–28.

5. EMI (Experiments in Musical Intelligence), by David Cope. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head." New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.

6. Aaron, by Harold Cohen. George Johnson, "The artist's angst is all in your head". New York Times, November 16, 1997, p. 16.

7. Goldenberg, Mazursky, & Solomon, 1999.

8. Leibniz, 1768/1996, bk. II, chap. i, p. 111.

9. Leibniz, 1768/1996, preface, p. 68.

10. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1988b; Fodor, 1981.

11. Elman et al., 1996; Rumelhart & McClelland, 1986.

12. Dennett, 1986.

13. Elman et al., 1996, p. 82.

14. Elman et al., 1996, pp. 99–100.

15. Chomsky, 1975; Chomsky, 1993; Chomsky, 2000; Pinker, 1994.

16. See also Miller, Galanter, & Pribram, 1960; Pinker, 1997, chap. 2; Pinker, 1999, chaps. 1, 10.

17. Baker, 2001.

18. Baker, 2001.

19. Shweder, 1994; see Ekman & Davidson, 1994, and Lazarus, 1991, обсуждение.

20. See Lazarus, 1991, обзор теории эмоций.

21. Mallon & Stich, 2000.

22. Ekman & Davidson, 1994; Lazarus, 1991.

23. Ekman & Davidson, 1994.

24. Fodor, 1983; Gardner, 1983; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1997.

25. Elman et al., 1996; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992.

26. Anderson, 1995; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998.

27. Calvin, 1996a; Calvin, 1996b; Calvin & Ojemann, 2001; Crick, 1994; Damasio, 1994; Gazzaniga, 2000a; Gazzaniga, 2000b; Gazzaniga, Ivry, & Mangun, 1998; Kandel, Schwartz, & Jessell, 2000.

28. Crick, 1994.

29. Достоевский Ф. Братья Карамазовы. — М.: Терра-Нова, 2007.

30. Damasio, 1994.

31. Damasio, 1994; Dennett, 1991; Gazzaniga, 1998.

32. Gazzaniga, 1992; Gazzaniga, 1998.

33. Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lykken, 1995.

34. Monaghan & Glickman, 1992.

35. Bourgeois, Goldman-Rakic, & Rakic, 2000; Chalupa, 2000; Geary & Huffman, 2002; Katz, Weliky, & Crowley, 2000; Rakic, 2000; Rakic, 2001. Также см. главу V.

36. Thompson et al., 2001.

37. Thompson et al., 2001.

38. Witelson, Kigar, & Harvey, 1999.

39. LeVay, 1993.

40. Davidson, Putnam, & Larson, 2000; Raine et al., 2000.

41. Bouchard, 1994; Hamer & Copeland, 1998; Lykken, 1995; Plomin, 1994; Plomin et al., 2001; Ridley, 2000.

42. Hyman, 1999; Plomin, 1994.

43. Bouchard, 1994; Bouchard, 1998; Damasio, 2000; Lykken et al., 1992; Plomin, 1994; Thompson et al., 2001; Tramo et al., 1995; Wright, 1995.

44. Segal, 2000.

45. Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.

46. Frangiskakis et al., 1996.

47. Chorney et al., 1998.

48. Benjamin et al., 1996.

49. Lesch et al., 1996.

50. Lai et al., 2001; Pinker, 2001b.

51. Charlesworth, 1987; Miller, 2000c; Mousseau & Roff, 1987; Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.

52. Bock & Goode, 1996; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.

53. Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Hare, 1993; Kirwin, 1997; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.

54. Anderson et al., 1999; Blair & Cipolotti, 2000; Lalumière, Harris, & Rice, 2001; Lykken, 2000; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.

55. Barkow, Cosmides, & Tooby, 1992; Betzig, 1997; Buss, 1999; Cartwright, 2000; Crawford & Krebs, 1998; Evans & Zarate, 1999; Gaulin & McBurney, 2000; Pinker, 1997; Pope, 2000; Wright, 1994.

56. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Gould, 1980; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.

57. Dawkins, 1983; Dawkins, 1986; Maynard Smith, 1975/1993; Ridley, 1986; Williams, 1966.

58. Улучшенная метафора «мегаломаниакальный ген» предложена философом Колином Макгинном.

59. Etcoff, 1999.

60. Frank, 1988; Trivers, 1971; Haidt, In press.

61. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Frank, 1988.

62. McGuinness, 1997; Pinker, 1994.

63. Brown, 1991; Brown, 2000.

64. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Spelke, 1995.

65. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Calvin & Bickerton, 2000; Kingdon, 1993; Klein, 1989; Mithen, 1996.

66. Gallistel, 1992; Hauser, 1996; Hauser, 2000; Trivers, 1985.

67. James, 1890/1950, vol. 2, chap. 24.

68. Freeman, 1983; Freeman, 1999.

69. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.

70. Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.

71. Keeley, 1996, graph adapted by Ed Hagen.

72. Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.

73. Ember, 1978. See also Ghiglieri, 1999; Keeley, 1996; Knauft, 1987; Wrangham &Peterson, 1996.

74. Divale, 1972; see Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1989, p. 323, обсуждение.

75. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Divale, 1972; Edgerton, 1992; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996.

76. Axelrod, 1984; Brown, 1991; Ridley, 1997; Wright, 2000.

77. Brown, 1991.

Глава 4. Ценители культуры

1. Borges, 1964, p. 30.

2. Pinker, 1984a.

3. Boyer, 1994; Hirschfeld & Gelman, 1994; Norenzayan & Atran, In press; Schaller & Crandall, In press; Sperber, 1994; Talmy, 2000; Tooby & Cosmides, 1992.

4. Adams et al., 2000.

5. Tomasello, 1999.

6. Baron-Cohen, 1995; Karmiloff-Smith et al., 1995.

7. Rapin, 2001.

8. Baldwin, 1991.

9. Carpenter, Akhtar, & Tomasello, 1998.

10. Meltzoff, 1995.

11. Pinker, 1994; Pinker, 1996; Pinker, 1999.

12. Campbell & Fairey, 1989; Frank, 1985; Kelman, 1958; Latané & Nida, 1981.

13. Deutsch & Gerard, 1955.

14. Harris, 1985.

15. Cronk, 1999; Cronk, Chagnon, & Irons, 2000.

16. Pinker, 1999, chap. 10.

17. Searle, 1995.

18. Sperber, 1985; Sperber, 1994.

19. Boyd & Richerson, 1985; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981; Durham, 1982; Lumsden & Wilson, 1981.

20. Cavalli-Sforza, 1991; Cavalli-Sforza & Feldman, 1981.

21. Toussaint-Samat, 1992.

22. Degler, 1991.

23. Sowell, 1996, p. 378. See also Sowell, 1994, and Sowell, 1998.

24. Diamond, 1992; Diamond, 1998.

25. Diamond, 1997.

26. Putnam, 1973.

27. Chomsky, 1980, p. 227; Marr, 1982; Tinbergen, 1952.

28. Pinker, 1999.

Глава 5. Последняя линия обороны «чистого листа»

1. Venter et al., 2001.

2. See, e.g., the contributors to Rose & Rose, 2000.

3. R. McKie, in The Guardian, February 11, 2001. See also S. J. Gould, "Humbled by the genome's mysteries," New York Times, February 19, 2001.

4. The Observer, February 11, 2001.

5. E. Pennisi, "The human genome," Science, 291, 2001, 1177–1180; see pp. 1178–1179.

6. "Gene count," Science, 295, 2002, p. 29; R. Mishar, "Biotech CEO says map missed much of genome," Boston Globe, April 9, 2001; Wright et al., 2001.

7. Claverie, 2001; Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001; Venter et al., 2001.

8. Szathmáry, Jordán, & Pál, 2001.

9. Claverie, 2001.

10. Venter et al., 2001.

11. Evan Eichler, quoted by G. Vogel, "Objection #2: Why sequence the junk?" Science, 291, 2001, p. 1184.

12. Elman et al., 1996; McClelland, Rumelhart, & the PDP Research Group, 1986; McLeod, Plunkett, & Rolls, 1998; Pinker, 1997, pp. 98–111; Rumelhart, McClelland, & the PDP Research Group, 1986.

13. Anderson, 1993; Fodor & Pylyshyn, 1988; Hadley, 1994a; Hadley, 1994b; Hummel & Holyoak, 1997; Lachter & Bever, 1988; Marcus, 1998; Marcus, 2001a; McCloskey & Cohen, 1989; Minsky & Papert, 1988; Shastri & Ajjanagadde, 1993; Smolensky, 1995; Sougné, 1998.