Laurence Smith - The World in 2050 - Four Forces Shaping Civilization's Northern Future

Individuals who provided data, readings, photographs, advice, or other forms of assistance include Joseph Alcamo, Kim Barnes, Jason Box, Marsha Branigan, Lawson Brigham, David Dodge, Gebisa Ejita, Kamyar Enshayan, Martina Flörke, Gail Fondahl, Louis Fortier, Cary Fowler, Karen Frey, Ivan Frolov, Harry Gill, Maya Gold, Ken Hinkel, Larry Hinzman, Ben Jones, Tommy Jordan, Sergey Kirpotin, David Lawrence, Glen MacDonald, Ross MacDonald, James Martell, Philip Micklin, Tatiana Mikhailova, Kevin Mulligan, Tom Narins, Heather Nicol, Matthew Nisbitt, Samuel Niza, Trevor Paglen, Martin Pasqualetti, Tamlin Pavelsky, Fred Pearce, Dorothy Peteet, Tom Puleo, John Rasmussen, Åsa Rennermalm, Anthony Repalone, Bruce Robison, Vladimir Romanovsky, Michael Shermer, Nikolay Shiklomanov, C. K. Shum, Dimas Streletskiy, and Sara Wheeler.

Travel for this project was supported in part by the John Simon Guggenheim Foundation, with sabbatical release time granted by the University of California-Los Angeles. Several months of office space were kindly provided by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, and a Bellagio Residency from the John D. Rockefeller Foundation.

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate photographs and illustrations. Page numbers followed by the letter “n” indicate note reference.

Abdulkadir, Ibrahim

Abdulkadir, Shehu

aboriginal peoples: geographic distribution of power; and globalization; and the high Arctic; and human settlement patterns; and land claims; and mineral rights; and the “New North,” and political power; and regional corporations; and traditional hunters

Achuku, Vincent

Afghanistan

Africa. See also specific countries : and climate change; and hydropower; and the Intertropical Convergence Zone; and oil resources; and population growth; and power transmission systems; and projected river flows; and resource pressure; and urbanization; and water resources

African Development Bank

agriculture: and carbon dioxide fertilization effect; decline of; and demography; and ethanol production; and global warming; and the Louisiana Purchase; and urbanization; and water resources; and water transportation

Al Qaeda

Alaska: and aboriginal peoples; Alaska Highway; Alaska Platform; Alaska Purchase; and Arctic resources; and global warming; and human settlement patterns; and oil resources; and population growth; and Russian foreign policy; and the Siberian Curse; and UNCLOS; and U.S. foreign policy; and water resources; and winter roads; and World War II,

Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA)

Alaskan Federation of Natives

albedo effect

Alberta Tar Sands

Alcamo, Joseph

Algeria

Alley, Richard B.

Alsdorf, Doug

Altiplano Plateau

Amazon basin

American Geophysical Union

American Indians

Amur Oblast

Annan, Kofi

Annin, Peter

Antarctica

Anuka, Godwin

aquatic ecosystems

aquifers

Arabian Desert

Arctic Circle

Arctic Climate Impact Assessment

Arctic Council

Arctic Environmental Protection Strategy

Arctic Ocean: and indigenous peoples; and natural resources; and river runoff; and the rule of law; and sea ice levels; and the seabed; and shipping; and UNCLOS

Argentina

Arrhenius, Svante

Asia. See specific countries

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)

Asian Development Bank

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

Athabasca Tar Sands

Australia

Azeez, Adulkadir

Azerbaijan

Baffin Island

Baikal-Amur Mainline Railroad

Baku oil fields

Ban Ki-Moon

Bangladesh

Banks Island

Barents Sea

Barlow, Maude

Barnaby, Wendy

Barnett, Tim

Barrow, Alaska

Bartram, Jamie

Bazhenov Shale

Beaufort Sea

Belgium

Bering Sea

Bering Strait

Betancourt, Julio

biodiversity. See also wildlife

biofuels. See also ethanol

biotechnology

birth rates

bitumen

Bodman, Samuel

boreal forests

Borgerson, Scott

Box, Jason

Brakenridge, Bob

Brazil: and aging populations; and concentrated solar thermal (CSP) power; and economic growth models; and power transmission systems; and shifting economic power; and water resources

Bretton Woods Agreement

BRICs. See Brazil; China; India; Russia and the Russian Federation

Britain. See also United Kingdom

Broecker, Wallace

Brown, Gordon

Burgan oil fields

Burke, Marshall

Bush, George H. W.

Bush, George W.

California: and the Louisiana Purchase; and renewable energy; and sea levels; and water resources

Cambodia

Canada: and aboriginal peoples; and the Arctic Council; and Arctic resources; and Arctic shipping; and climate distribution; and crop yields; and demographic trends; and education; and endangered species; and foreign relations; and global warming; and human settlement patterns; and immigration policy; and the Kyoto Protocol; and the “New North,” and North Pole expeditions; and oil sands; and power transmission systems; and the Siberian Curse; and UNCLOS; and water resources; and wind power; and winter roads; and World War II,

canals

Canterell field

Cape Cod, Massachusetts

carbon emissions: and biofuels; and carbon capture technology; and climate change; fertilization effect; and hydrogen fuel cells; and the Kyoto Protocol; and melting permafrost; monitoring levels of; natural cycles of; and oil resources; persistence in atmosphere; and renewable energy resources

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Carson, Rachel

Carter, Jimmy

Caspian Sea

cellulosic ethanol

Central Asia

Central Valley

Chad

Chávez, Hugo

Chernobyl power plant

Chicago Diversion

Chile

Chilingarov, Artur

China: and aging populations; and Arctic resources; and coal resources; and economic growth models; and global warming; and human settlement patterns; and melting permafrost; and natural gas resources; and nuclear power; and population control policies; and power transmission systems; and the Russian Far East; and Russian immigration policy; and shifting economic power; Singapore as model for; unification of; and urbanization; and water resources; and wind power

The Christian Science Monitor

Chu, Steven

Churchill, Manitoba

Churchill, Winston

civil rights movement

“clean coal,”

climate change: and aboriginal peoples; and abrupt-change scenarios; and agriculture; and the Arctic; and climate models; and coal; connection to other global forces; and demographic trends; described; and drought; and electric vehicles; and endangered species; and geophysical impacts; and inertia of global forces; and medieval warming period; and melting ice sheets; and melting permafrost and migration of species; monitoring climate; and national security; and nuclear power; and ocean temperatures; and prospects for NORCs; and risk management; and river runoff; and sea ice; and sea levels; and short-term fluctuations; and snowpack and glaciers; SRES scenarios; and water resources; and winter roads

Clinton, Bill

Clinton, Hillary Rodham

coal

Cohen, Joel E.

Cold War

Collapse (Diamond)

Colombia

Colorado River

Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

concentrated solar thermal (CSP) power

Congo basin

continental effect

Copenhagen Climate Conference

corn-based ethanol

corruption

Costa Rica

Cournoyea, Nellie J.

crime

Cuba

Damansky Island

Damour, Jdimytai

dams

Darwin, Charles

Davydov, M. M.