Юваль Ной Харари - 21 урок для XXI века [Версия с комментированными отличиями перевода]

В 2017 году исследователи из Стэнфорда разработали алгоритм, который якобы определяет сексуальную ориентацию человека с точностью 91 % только на основе нескольких фотографий его лица ( https://osf.io/zn79k/). Но алгоритм разрабатывался на основе фотографий, которые люди выбирали сами для загрузки на сайты знакомств, и поэтому он мог идентифицировать различия в культурных идеалах. Это не значит, что выражение лица геев обязательно отличается от выражения лица у людей традиционной ориентации. Скорее геи, размещающие свои фото на сайте знакомств для геев, пытают соответствовать другому культурному идеалу, чем люди традиционной сексуальной ориентации, публикующие свои фотографии на соответствующих сайтах знакомств.

David Chan, ‘So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad?’ in Charles E. Lance and Robert J. Vandenberg (eds.), Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends (New York, London: Routledge, 2009), 309–336; Delroy L. Paulhus and Simine Vazire, ‘The Self-Report Method’ in Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley and Robert F. Krueger (eds.), Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology (London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007), 228–233.

Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 January 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 6 September 2017.

Norberto Andrade, ‘Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition’, Atlantic, 9 June 2014, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better-than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/, accessed 10 December 2017; Elizabeth Dwoskin and Evelyn M. Rusli, ‘The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions’, Wall Street Journal, 28 June 2015, https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398, accessed 10 December 2017; Sophie K. Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen and Carolyn McGettigan, ‘The Social Life of Laughter’, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 18:12 (2014), 618–620.

Daniel First, ‘Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism?’, AI & Soc, 10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4.

Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search’, Guardian, 4 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook, accessed 6 September 2017.

Jeff Freak and Shannon Holloway, ‘How Not to Get to Straddie’, Red Land City Bulletin, 15 March 2012, http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/, accessed 1 March 2018.

Michelle McQuigge, ‘Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake’, Toronto Sun, 13 May 2016, http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman-follows-gps-ends-up-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8-aecc501faaa5, accessed 1 March 2018; ‘Woman Follows GPS into Lake’, News.com.au, 16 May 2016, http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1, accessed 1 March 2018.

Henry Grabar, ‘Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead?’ Slate, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html, accessed 6 September 2017.

Joel Delman, ‘Are Amazon, Netflix, Google Making Too Many Decisions For Us?’, Forbes, 24 November 2010, https://www.forbes.com/2010/11/24/amazon-netflix-google-technology-cio-network-decisions.html, accessed 6 September 2017; Cecilia Mazanec, ‘Will Algorithms Erode Our Decision-Making Skills?’, NPR, 8 February 2017, http://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2017/02/08/514120713/will-algorithms-erode-our-decision-making-skills, accessed 6 September 2017.

Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff and Iyad Rawhan, ‘The Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’, Science 352:6293 (2016), 1573–1576.

Christopher W. Bauman et al., ‘Revisiting External Validity: Concerns about Trolley Problems and Other Sacrificial Dilemmas in Moral Psychology’, Social and Personality Psychology Compass 8:9 (2014), 536–554.

John M. Darley and Daniel C. Batson, ‘“From Jerusalem to Jericho”: A Study of Situational and Dispositional Variables in Helping Behavior’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 27:1 (1973), 100–108.

Kristofer D. Kusano and Hampton C. Gabler, ‘Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions’, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems 13:4 (2012), 1546–1555; James M. Anderson et al., Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers (Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014), esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant and Kara Kockelman, ‘Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations’, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice 77 (2015), 167–181.

Tim Adams, ‘Job Hunting Is a Matter of Big Data, Not How You Perform at an Interview’, Guardian, 10 May 2014, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/may/10/job-hunting-big-data-interview-algorithms-employees, accessed 6 September 2017.

Необычайно глубокую дискуссию на эту тему см. в Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016). Эту работу обязательно следует прочесть тем, кого интересует потенциальное влияние алгоритмов на общество и политику.

Bonnefon, Shariff and Rawhan, ‘Social Dilemma of Autonomous Vehicles’.

Vincent C. Müller and Thomas W. Simpson, ‘Autonomous Killer Robots Are Probably Good News’, University of Oxford, Blavatnik School of Government Policy Memo, November 2014; Ronald Arkin, Governing Lethal Behaviour: Embedding Ethics in a Hybrid Deliberative/Reactive Robot Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Mobile Robot Lab, 2007, 1–13.

Bernd Greiner, War without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam, trans. Anne Wyburd and Victoria Fern (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009), 16. По меньшей мере одно свидетельство эмоционального состояния солдат см. в Herbert Kelman and V. Lee Hamilton, ‘The My Lai Massacre: A Military Crime of Obedience’ in Jodi O’Brien and David M. Newman (eds.), Sociology: Exploring the Architecture of Everyday Life Reading (Los Angeles: Pine Forge Press, 2010), 13–25.