Юваль Ной Харари - 21 урок для XXI века [Версия с комментированными отличиями перевода]

Моя первая книга – «Sapiens» – о нашем прошлом, о том, как мы превратились из ничем не примечательных животных в хозяев планеты Земля. Во второй, «Homo Deus», я попробовал заглянуть в будущее – и «увидел», как уже в этом веке мы преодолеем старость и смерть, приобретем способность создавать растения, животных и даже людей с заданными «характеристиками». Из Homo Sapiens, человека разумного, мы будем превращаться в Homo Deus – человека-бога.

См., например, инаугурационную речь Джорджа Буша – младшего в 2005 году, в которой он сказал: «Исходя из последних событий и руководствуясь здравым смыслом, мы пришли к заключению: сохранение свободы в нашей стране в значительной степени зависит от успеха свободы в других странах. Самую большую надежду на мир дает распространение свободы по всей планете». ‘Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy’, CNN, 20 January 2005, http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/, accessed 7 January 2018. Что касается Обамы, см., например, его последнюю речь в ООН: Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

William Neikirk and David S. Cloud, ‘Clinton: Abuses Put China “On Wrong Side of History”, Chicago Tribune, 30 October 1997, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader, accessed 3 December 2017.

Eric Bradner, ‘Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained’, CNN, 28 October 2016, http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

Chris Graham and Robert Midgley, ‘Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It?’, Telegraph, 23 August 2017, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/, accessed 3 December 2017; Michael Schuman, ‘Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead’, New York Times, 22 July 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html, accessed 3 December 2017.

Несколько примеров из XIX и начала XX века см. в Evgeny Dobrenko and Eric Naiman (eds.), The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003); W. L. Guttsman, Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany (New York: Manchester University Press, 1997). Общую дискуссию см., например, в Nicholas John Cull, Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present (Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, 2003).

Эту интерпретацию см.: Ishaan Tharoor, ‘Brexit: A modern-day Peasants’ Revolt?’, Washington Post, 25 June 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice, ‘US election 2016: The Trump – Brexit voter revolt’, BBC, 11 November 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37943072.

Самой известной работой, конечно, остается Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin, 1992).

Ayelet Shani, ‘The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously’, Haaretz, 10 August 2017, https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977, accessed January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple’, Israel Today, 7 July 2013, http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964, accessed 7 January 2018; Yuri Yanover, ‘Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza’, Jewish Press, 25 August 2013, http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25/, accessed 7 January 2018; ‘Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours’, Al Jazeera, 24 February 2017, http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html, accessed 29 January 2018.

Katie Reilly, ‘Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President’, Time, 20 September 2016, http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/, accessed 3 December 2017.

Gregory R. Woirol, The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 18–20; Amy Sue Bix, Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers and Nicolas L. Ziebarth, ‘The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different?’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 33–42; Joe Mokyr, The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002), 255–257; David H. Autor, ‘Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 29:3 (2015), 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory and Ulrich Zierahn, ‘The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries’, OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers 89 (2016); Mariacristina Piva and Marco Vivarelli, ‘Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right?’, IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper No.10471 (2017).

См., например, как ИИ побеждает людей в авиационных симуляторах, и особенно в воздушном бое: Nicholas Ernest et al., ‘Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions’, Journal of Defense Management 6:1 (2016), 1–7; интеллектуальные обучающие системы: Kurt VanLehn, ‘The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems’, Educational Psychologist 46:4 (2011), 197–221; алгоритмический трейдинг: Giuseppe Nuti et al., ‘Algorithmic Trading’, Computer 44:11 (2011), 61–69; финансовое планирование, управление портфелем ценных бумаг и т. д.: Arash Baharammirzaee, ‘A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems’, Neural Computing and Applications 19:8 (2010), 1165–1195; анализ сложных данных в медицинских системах, постановка диагноза и назначение лечения: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al., ‘Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network’, Journal of Clinical Oncology 32:15 (2014), e17653; создание оригинальных текстов на естественном языке из большого объема данных: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al., ‘Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao’, Journal of Computer and Communication 5 (2017), 125–148; распознавание лиц: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko and James Philbin, ‘FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering’, IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR) (2015), 815–823; управление автомобилем: Cristiano Premebida, ‘A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking’, 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference (2007).