Marshall Goldman: Petrostate: Putin, Power, and the New Russia

Kurt WeldonA ten-term congressman from Pennsylvania whose daughter became the public relations principal for ITERA.

Grigory YavlinskyAn economist who worked for both Yeltsin and Gorbachev and who later became the head of the Yabloko political party.

Viktor YushchenkoThe president of Ukraine.

Gennady ZyuganovThe head of the Communist Party in Russia.

ArcelorA Benelux steel company that for a time considered forming a partnership with a Russian company.

Blue StreamA natural gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey under the Black Sea.

Eni / Ente Nazionale IdrocarburiAn Italian energy company that became a major purchaser of Soviet oil and gas.

E.ONA German natural gas company that bought up Ruhrgas and has partnered with Gazprom in several projects.

GasunieA Dutch pipeline company that is partnering in the construction of the Nord Stream gas pipeline in the Baltic Sea.

GECFThe Organization for Gas Exporting Countries which is a forum for gas producers. It as yet lacks the powers of an OPEC-type organization.

ITERAFor a time, Russia’s second-largest producer of natural gas. It is headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.

KharyagaAn oil field located in Timan-Pechora, a northern province. The French company Total has the operating concession.

KovyktaA gas field located in northern Siberia. BP has the operating concession, but it failed to fulfill the terms of the production agreement with the state. As a penalty it was forced to provide an ownership share to Gazprom.

LUKoilA private oil company put together by Vagit Alekperov. ConocoPhillips now owns 20 percent of its stock. LUKoil purchased the Getty Oil filling station network.

MenatepThe bank created by Khodorkovsky.

MOLA Hungarian natural gas utility.

NABUCCOA pipeline that the European Union is seeking to build as a way of bypassing Russian-controlled gas pipelines to Europe.

NefteyuganskOne of the main producing sites for Yuganstneftegas which was the main producing unit for Yukos until it was taken over by Rosneft.

NEGPThe North European Gas Pipeline, now called Nord Stream.

Nord StreamThe pipeline Gazprom is building in the Baltic Sea connecting Russia to Germany designed to bypass Poland and Ukraine.

NorexA Canadian oil development company that was pushed out of its development work in Russia by Tyumen Oil.

Norilsk NickelA major producer of nonferrous metals controlled by Vladimir Potanin.

OGECThe Organization of Gas Exporting Countries, a possible OPEC.

OMVAn Austrian utility company which is seeking control of MOL.

OneksimBankThe bank formed by Vladimir Potanin.

RenovaA U.S. company controlled by Blavatnik and Vekselberg which has major holding in TNK and SUAL, among others.

RomaskinoFor a time one of the world’s largest oil wells.

RosneftThe state-owned oil company that took over most of Yukos’s assets.

RuhrgasA German natural gas distribution company that early on cooperated with Gazprom and owns shares in Gazprom. It was bought up by E.ON.

SamotlorA major oil-producing site in Russia.

SEGPA natural gas pipeline Gazprom is seeking to build from Turkey to Western Europe.

SibneftThe Russian oil company privatized by Berezovsky, who in turn brought in Abramovich, who in turn sold it to Gazprom.

South StreamYet another natural gas pipeline which if built would transport gas in Southern Europe and compete with NABUCCO.

TNK-BPA 50/50 joint venture formed by BP and Tyumen Oil.

Tyumen Oil (TNK)One of the privatized oil companies; controlled by Fridman, Blavatnik, and Vekselberg, which formed a joint venture with BP.

Volga-UralsOne of the oil fields developed along the Volga.

WingasA natural gas joint venture formed between Wintershall, the German company, and Gazprom.

WintershallA German natural gas distribution which has entered into several joint ventures with Gazprom.

YukosFor a time, the largest privatized oil company in Russia until it was taken over from Khodorkovsky; much of it was taken over by Rosneft.

Abkhazia, 149

Abramoff, Jack, 177, 225

Abramovich, Roman, 225

Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123–24, 225, 230

sports team purchase by, 204

Access Industries, 66, 225

Aeroflot, 103, 134, 174, 203

Afghanistan, 50–54

Africa, 181

Agroprombank, 67–68

Albats, Yevgenia, 195

Albright, Madeleine, 70

Alekperov, Vagit, 61, 65, 85, 125, 197, 225, 230

Alfa Bank, 64, 66, 107, 226

Algeria

gas from, 4, 7, 47, 166, 178, 179

GECF and, 179

OGEC and, 164, 165

Alitalia, 203

Alkion Securities, 65

Allison, Graham, 52

aluminum industry, 110

Amoco, BP and, 70, 86

Ananenkov, Alexander, 183

Anderson, Richard J., 165

Anglo-Persian Oil Company (today’s BP), 25, 44

Anglo-Suisse, 84

APG. See associated petroleum gas

ARAMCO Consortium, 21

Arcelor (Benelux steel company), 203, 229

Arctic locations, 71–72. See also Sakhalin

Arkos, 28

Armenia, 150, 152

Arosgas Holding, 147

Asia, pipelines in, 162–64. See also specific countries

Asiatic Petroleum, 28

Aslund, Anders, 73

asset stripping, 79

Gazprom and, 104, 139–41, 143

Yukos and, 107, 111, 112

associated petroleum gas (APG), 186

auction royalty system, for oil production, 23

Austria, 168

NABUCCO, Hungary and, 9–10, 155–56

pipeline and, 9–10, 153, 154

reliance on Russian gas, 166

Azerbaijan. See also Baku, Azerbaijan

gas and, 9, 151, 153–55, 160–61

independent state of, 25

petroleum production in, 34

Azneft, 27

Badger, 27

Baikal Finance Group, 120, 122

Bakhmina, Svetlana, 116, 117, 225

Baku, Azerbaijan

kerosene from, 17–19

occupation/control of, 24–25, 27, 33

oil production in, 17–25, 27, 30, 31, 34, 39, 40, 228

pipelines and, 20, 26, 149, 154, 160–61

Second, 31

balance of trade, Soviet, 29–31

Balggand-Bacton pipeline (Netherlands-Great Britain), 167

Balkan Energy Cooperative Summit, 49

Balkans, 154. See also Trans-Balkan Oil Pipeline

Balkenende, Peter, 167

Baltic Sea pipeline, 156–60, 161, 167

Baltic states, 2, 166. See also specific states

Balzer, Harley, 97

banks, 66–69. See also specific banks

CIA on, 109

financial crash and, 74–77, 93, 170

Loans for Shares and, 64–65

Luxembourg, 120, 206

mafia control of, 109

Barents Sea, 83, 85, 130–31

Barnsdall Corporation, 26

Basayev, Shamil, 94

BASF (chemical corp.), 157, 167

Batumi, 20, 23, 26

Belarus

gas to, 49, 144–45, 151–53, 156, 159, 168, 183

Lukashenko and, 151, 227

Belkovsky, Stanislav, 225

Bell Petrole, 28

Beltransgaz, 152

Berezovskoe gas field, 38

Berezovsky, Boris, 225

Abramovich, Sibneft and, 104, 112, 123, 225, 230

Chechnia and, 94–95, 172

ORT and, 65, 103, 123, 225