Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

49 “Bread is becoming a dream”: Friedländer, op. cit., 150.

49 less than 400 had running water: Ibid., 104.

49 including philatelists, postmasters, and even Esperantists: Piesakowski, op. cit., 50, quoting the original NKVD deportation orders.

49 intercepted correspondence with their doomed loved ones: Cienciala, Lebedeva, and Materski, op. cit., 121.

50 “Take it with you”: Testimony of Wiesława Saternus, in Teresa Jeśmanowa, ed., Stalin’s Ethnic Cleansing in Eastern Poland (London: Veritas Foundation, 2008), 131.

50 “No one dared move”: Quoted in Piesakowski, op. cit., 55–56.

50 “He tells us to listen”: Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 209.

50 a recipe book, and some Christmas decorations: Kochanski, op. cit., 134.

51 deported together to Kazakhstan: Author interview with Mr. Mieczysław Wartalski, London, September 8, 2011.

51 neither would survive the journey: Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 215.

51 “Moscow will put it right”: Author interview with Mr. Henryk Wieksza, Berkhamsted, UK, August 17, 2011.

51 provided for the passengers’ benefit.: Sword, “Mass Movement,” op. cit., 20.

52 the doors of the train were opened: Wartalski author interview, op. cit.

52 “Are there any frozen children?”: Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 218.

52 annual death rate of around 30 percent: Sword, “Mass Movement,” op. cit., 27.

52 Tam propadut kak rudaia mish : Quoted in Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 222.

52 assumed to total over 1 million: Zbigniew Siemaszko, “The Mass Deportations of the Polish Population to the USSR, 1940–1941,” in The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41 , edited by Keith Sword (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1991), 225.

52 recent scholarship has revised this figure downward: Revised figures are in Kochanski, op. cit., 137, and a more thorough statistical breakdown can be found in Hryciuk, in Barkan, Cole, and Struve, op. cit., 184–199.

53 a “very conservative estimate”: Correspondence with Professor Norman Davies, December 2013.

53 tense standoff with the local Wehrmacht units: DGFP, Series D, Vol. VIII, op. cit., No. 419, 489, memorandum by State Secretary Weizsäcker, December 5, 1939.

53 work camp in the Soviet Far North at Archangel: Browning, Remembering , op. cit., 27.

53 Remarkably, he survived the war: Video testimony of Wilhelm Korn, held by Yad Vashem archive and available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z61GKpqccxI.

54 settlers being welcomed at Przemyśl by Heinrich Himmler: Valdis Lumans, Himmler’s Auxiliaries: The Volksdeutsche Mittelstelle and the German National Minorities of Europe, 1933–1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993), 18.

54 an arbitrary fashion: Ibid., 163.

54 “long lines of Jews waiting to register”: Khrushchev, op. cit., 141.

54 “Jews, where are you going?”: Quoted in Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 206.

54 “I have become a scoundrel”: Quoted in Yosef Litvak, “The Plight of Refugees from the German-Occupied Territories,” in Sword, Soviet Takeover, op. cit., 66.

55 deported in the opposite direction: Sword, “Mass Movement,” op. cit., 18.

55 unsuccessfully applied to leave the Soviet zone: Siemaszko, op. cit., 224.

55 Polish Jews were forced to make: Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 226.

55 zone from which it was trying to escape: This is cited in ibid., 207, and a variation of it is played out in Andrzej Wajda’s film Katyn (2007).

55 “We waited for them to ask”: Quoted in Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 50.

56 he lasted barely two weeks before escaping: Peter Raina, Gomulka: Politische Biographie (Cologne, DE: Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1970), 22–23.

56 Władysław Gomułka, who had also fled: Norman Davies, God’s Playground: A History of Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981), 2:452.

56 found themselves in Polish jails: Ibid., 545.

56 incompatible with good political relations between Moscow and the Reich: Ribbentrop memorandum to Schulenburg, November 26, 1939, quoted in Schafranek, op. cit., 58.

57 delivered back to the Reich in this way: Ibid., 67–69.

57 “The NKVD officials still stood there”: Margarete Buber-Neumann, Under Two Dictators (London: Pimlico, 2008), 143.

58 “dreamed of [his] triumphant arrival in Russia”: Airey Neave, They Have Their Exits (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2013), 16.

58 Most of them were subsequently sent to Siberia: The National Archives (hereafter “TNA”), Kew, London, Official MI9 Camp Report, ref: WO 208/3281.

58 usually in solitary confinement: Experience of Pvt. R. Berry of the 1st Bn Duke of Cornwall’s Light Infantry, MI9 Report 3311931, at www.conscript-heroes.com.

58 returned to Warsaw as prisoners of the Gestapo: Clare Mulley, The Spy Who Loved (London: Macmillan, 2012), 90.

58 “contacts with the Gestapo”: Khrushchev, op. cit., 124.

59 narrowly avoiding a British submarine on the way: Valentin Berezhkov, At Stalin’s Side (New York: Carol, 1994), 271–274.

59 German ships sought refuge from the attentions of the Royal Navy: Slutsch, op. cit., 234.

59 its brief existence was fraught with difficulties: On “Basis Nord,” see Tobias R. Philbin III, The Lure of Neptune: German-Soviet Naval Collaboration and Ambitions, 1919–1941 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 81–117.

59 “mentally malnourished, disingenuous”: Quoted in Rees, op. cit., 69.

60 name chosen for her was the Vyacheslav Molotov: See Tom Frame, HMAS Sydney: Loss and Controversy (Sydney: Hodder & Stoughton, 1993).

60 RMS Rangitane , before being torpedoed in 1942: Philbin, op. cit., 141.

60 “You can’t fake that”: Quoted in Rees, op. cit., 75–76.

61 “It falls to me to have the honour”: Ibid., 77.

61 “historic hours at the Kremlin”: Quoted in Alexander Werth, Russia at War: 1941–1945 (London: Pan, 1964), 89.

62 “the friendship between the peoples”: Ibid., 89.

63 leaving a meeting with Molotov: Andor Hencke deposition, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Munich, ref: MA 1300/2, 21.

64 “We are not going to force Communism”: Molotov-Selter negotiations, quoted in Albert Tarulis, Soviet Policy Towards the Baltic States: 1918–1945 (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1959), 150.

64 “The Soviet Union is now a great power”: “Minutes of the Estonian-Soviet Negotiations for the Mutual Assistance Pact of 1939,” Litanus 14, no. 2 (1968): 4.

65 “I advise you to yield”: Ibid., 5.

65 “To refuse the Soviet proposal”: Ibid., 14.

66 “What is there to argue about?”: Ibid., 18.

67 “pursued a very hard line”: Felix Chuev, ed., Molotov Remembers (Chicago: I.R. Dee, 1993), 9.

67 “a division of spheres of interest”: Stalin quoted in Tarulis, op. cit., 154.

67 “throwing peas against a wall”: Alfred Erich Senn, Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above (New York: Rodopi, 2007), 20.

67 standing armies of the three countries: Romuald Misiunas and Rein Taagepera, The Baltic States: Years of Dependence, 1940–1980 (London: C. Hurst, 1983), 15–16.

68 effectively abandoning that country: Documents on German Foreign Policy, 1918–1945 (hereafter “DGFP”), Series D, Vol. VIII (Washington, DC, 1954), No. 113, 112–113.

68 “If the Russians now march into the Baltic”: Alfred Rosenberg’s diary, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 297 ( www.ushmm.org).

68 “refrain from any explanations on this subject”: DGFP, Series D, Vol. VIII, op. cit., No. 213, 238.