Roger Moorhouse - The Devils' Alliance - Hitler's Pact with Stalin, 1939-1941

36 Soviet dishonesty and the blatant violation of international law: Tomasz Piesakowski, The Fate of Poles in the USSR, 1939–1989 (London: Gryf, 1990), 36.

36 Did anyone question Russia’s existence: Olaf Groehler, Selbstmörderische Allianz: Deutsch-russische Militärbeziehungen, 1920–1941 (Berlin: Vision Verlag, 1992), 116.

36 he was never seen again: David G. Williamson, Poland Betrayed: The Nazi-Soviet Invasions 1939 (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2009), 119.

36 to meet the German invasion: Jan Gross, Revolution from Abroad (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988), 21–23.

36 “Two men shined flashlights in our eyes”: Janusz Bardach, Man Is Wolf to Man (London: Simon & Schuster, 1998), 19.

37 large banner reading, “We Welcome You”: Jan Gross, Neighbours (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), 43.

37 “We ought to recognise in Russian Bolshevism”: Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf (London: Hurst & Blackett, 1939), 539.

38 forty armed clashes between the Poles and the Soviets: Groehler, op. cit., 136.

38 routed a Red Army infantry division in the process: Williamson, op. cit., 123.

38 executed by the Red Army upon capture: Piesakowski, op. cit., 38. See also the case file of the Institute of National Remembrance, Warsaw, available at http://www.ipn.gov.pl.

38 after their surrender and led away for execution: Halik Kochanski, The Eagle Unbowed: Poland and the Poles in the Second World War (London: Allen Lane, 2012), 80.

38 he would not survive German captivity: Richard Hargreaves, Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939 (Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword, 2008), 263–264.

39 maintain a twenty-five-kilometer distance: Groehler, op. cit., 121.

39 broadcast from Minsk to aid Luftwaffe navigation: Gross, Revolution, op. cit., 10.

39 collaborated in their neutralization: See Sergej Slutsch, “17. September 1939: Der Eintritt der Sowjetunion in den Zweiten Weltkrieg,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 48 (2000): 228–230.

39 “Hardly had they laid down their arms”: F. B. Czarnomski, quoted in Williamson, op. cit., 126.

39 “Germanski und Bolsheviki zusammen stark”: Hargreaves, op. cit., 201.

39 “In order to prevent any kind of groundless rumours”: Izvestia, September 20, 1939, 1.

40 “You and I are smoking Polish cigarettes”: Quoted in Slutsch, op. cit., 231. Translated by the author.

40 like being in a “circle of old comrades”: Quoted in Robert Conquest, Stalin: Breaker of Nations (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1991), 224.

40 “should Germany unexpectedly get into difficulties”: Gustav Hilger’s reminiscences quoted in Ingeborg Fleischhauer, “Der Deutsch-Sowjetische Grenz-und Freundschaftsvertrag vom 28. September 1939,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 39 (1991): 458.

40 77,720 square miles and 12 million inhabitants: Kochanski, op. cit., 96.

44 “Is my signature clear enough for you?”: Andor Hencke, quoted in Laurence Rees, World War Two Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West (London: BBC Books, 2008), 33.

41 firing squads of the Einsatzgruppen and local ethnic German militias: See Browning, Origins, op. cit., 31–33.

41 50,000 Polish deaths in that first autumn and winter: Alexander B. Rossino, Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2003), 234.

42 AB Aktion cost around 6,000 lives: On the AB Aktion, see Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands (London: Bodley Head, 2010), 146–150.

43 branded a supporter of fascism: Keith Sword, “The Mass Movement of Poles to the USSR, 1939–41,” in Deportation and Exile: Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939–48 , Keith Sword (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 1994), 6–8.

44 never saw his family again: Author interview with Mr. Czesław Wojciechowski, London, September 8, 2011.

44 half of whom were sent to the Gulag: Grzegorz Hryciuk, “Victims, 1939–1941: The Soviet Repressions in Eastern Poland,” in Shared History, Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941 , edited by E. Barkan, E. Cole, and K. Struve. Leipziger Beiträge zur Jüdischen Geschichte und Kultur (Leipzig, DE: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2007), 182–183.

44 “I couldn’t tell the difference”: Quoted in Jan Tomasz Gross, “The Sovietisation of Western Ukraine and Western Byelorussia,” in J ews in Eastern Poland and the USSR, 1939–46 , edited by Norman Davies and Antony Polonski (London: Macmillan, 1990), 72.

44 “Nie wiadomo kiedy wrócę do domu”: Niall Ferguson, The War of the World (London: Allen Lane, 2006), 418. In truth, it is the acronym of its name: Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del (People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs).

45 “the supreme punishment: shooting”: Quoted in Anna Cienciala, Natalia Lebedeva, and Wojciech Materski, eds., Katyn: A Crime Without Punishment (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007), 120.

45 “There was not the slightest suspicion”: Stanisław Swianiewicz, quoted in Allen Paul, Katyn, Stalin’s Massacre and the Triumph of Truth (DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010), 107.

45 “We have been brought somewhere to a forest”: Quoted in J. K. Zawodny, Death in the Forest (London: Macmillan, 1971), 110.

45 prevent being sullied by his victims’ blood: Snyder, op. cit., 137.

45 limed to speed decomposition: On the methods employed at the various Katyn sites, see Cienciala, Lebedeva, and Materski, op. cit., 122–136.

45 and 1 woman, Janina Lewandowska: Figures quoted in ibid., 168.

46 “I die for the fatherland with a smile on my lips”: Snyder, op. cit., 149–150.

46 400,000 Poles had already been deported: Phillip T. Rutherford, Prelude to the Final Solution: The Nazi Program for Deporting Ethnic Poles, 1939–1941 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2007), 211.

46 “The flat must be swept”: Mrs. J. K., quoted in Mark Mazower, Hitler’s Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe (London: Allen Lane, 2008), 82.

47 “Not all the deported persons”: Browning, Origins , op. cit., 51.

47 “then the forests of Poland would not suffice”: Hans Frank, Das Diensttagebuch des deutschen Generalgouverneurs in Polen 1939–1945 (Stuttgart, DE: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1975), 104.

47 requisite numbers of workers had “volunteered”: Quoted in Mark Spoerer, Zwangsarbeit unter dem Hakenkreuz (Stuttgart, DE: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 2001), 48.

47 laborers were already working in Germany: Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 84.

48 “treated worse than dogs”: Berliner Geschichtswerkstatt, ed., Zwangsarbeit in Berlin 1940–1945 (Berlin: Sutton Verlag, 2000), 74.

48 Soviet zone had not yet even been established: Robert Gerwarth, Hit ler’s Hangman: The Life of Heydrich (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011), 143.

48 told to “go to Russia”: Christopher Browning, Remembering Survival (New York: Norton, 2010), 26.

48 ordered to march east and not to return: Gerwarth, op. cit., 158.

48 encourage them on their way: Schulenburg telegram to Foreign Office, Berlin, December 17, 1939, quoted in Hans Schafranek, Zwischen NKWD und Gestapo (Frankfurt am Main, DE: ISP-Verlag, 1990), 62.

48 “Thousands of young people went to Bolshevik Russia”: Chaim Kaplan diary quoted in Saul Friedländer, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939–1945 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2007), 45.