Francy Powers Jr. - Spy Pilot - Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy

de Gaulle, Charles, 83

Dickson, William P., 91

Dilworth, Richardson, 119

Donovan, James B., 12, 54, 110, 112, 114, 115. 256

Donovan, William J. “Wild Bill,” 28–29

Douglas DC-3, 21

Douglas DC-6, 25

“duck and cover,” 22

Dulles, Allen W., 29, 38, 49, 84, 90

assurances by, 75

and Bay of Pigs, 106

and birth of CIA, 29

and cover story, 77

and descent theory, 110

and estimate of Soviet bombers, 30

and Khrushchev’s silence, 58

meeting with Francis Gary Powers of, 117–18

Nixon’s blame of, 104

offer to resign by, 80

public recognition of Francis Gary Powers by, 132

and risks of overflights, 31

and Skunk Works deal, 36

and Soviet propaganda, 96

support of 1960 overflights by, 57

Dulles, John Foster, 29

Dunaway, Glen, 48

Eden, Anthony, 46

Edens, Buster, 132

Eglin Air Force Base, 24

Eisenhower, Dwight D., 11, 29, 30, 31, 35, 48, 49, 51, 52, 59, 61, 74, 81, 98, 104, 106, 110, 175

admission of deception by, 80

approval of U-2 program by, 36

and collapse of Paris Summit, 83

and cover story, 77

doubts about overflights by, 57–58

and need for reconnaissance, 27–28

and news of missing U-2, 75

“Open Skies” proposal by, 46–47

and “plausible deniability,” 32

and Powers trial, 101

pressing for Powers’s release by, 105

and self-destruct failures, 79

Ellis, Eugene, 88, 125

Ericson, Bob, 61

Estep, Johnny, 25

Experimental Aviation Association, 246

F-84 Thunderjet, 21, 23, 41, 52

F-86 Sabre, 21

Faure, Edgar, 46

Finch, Mary, 132

First Christian Church (North Hollywood, CA), 142

Fleming, Ian, 123, 264

Ford, Tennessee Ernie, 127

Fox News, 174

Francis Gary Powers: The True Story of the U-2 Spy Incident (television movie), 136–37, 144

Frankfurter, Felix, 111

Gates, Thomas, 77

Geary, Leo, 74, 143, 157–58

Gentry, Curt, 134, 135, 179, 261

George Mason University, 165, 189, 245

Gilliland, Bob, 34, 35, 132, 176

Giraudo, Joe, 158

Glienicker Bridge, 113–15, 164, 255

Goff, Jack, 15, 16, 19, 20, 46, 126

Goodpaster, Andrew, 74, 77

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 164

Gorky Park, 79, 196–98

Grace, Frank, 66

Gray, Gordon, 77

Grinyov, Michael I., 95, 98, 99, 100–101

Grissom, Virgil I. “Gus,” 119

Gromyko, Andre, 65, 83

Gross, Robert, 32, 33

Haggerty, James, 77

Hall of Columns, 91–92, 263

Hall of Heroes, 252

Hazzard, John M., 86

Helms, Richard, 74

Helter Skelter (Bugliosi and Gentry), 135

Herbert, Adam J., 253

Hibbard, Hall, 35

Hileman, Jessica (née Powers), 92

Horton, Phillip E., 251

Houston, Lawrence, 36, 258

Hruda, Dock, 67

Huntley-Brinkley Report, The (news program), 94

Ingram, Lewis K., 92

Jaffe, Sam, 98

Javits, Jacob, 111

Johnson, Clarence L. “Kelly,” 32, 57, 110, 154, 158, 244

choosing secret base by, 37

hiring of Francis Gary Powers by, 130

and mystery of Francis Gary Powers’s dismissal, 260

selling of U-2 by, 36

Skunk Works plans of, 33

U-2 development of, 43

Johnson, Clifford, 32

Johnston, James D., 172–73

Kahn, Ayub, 75

Kallos, Bob, 146, 169, 247, 252

Kennedy, John F., 11, 104, 130–31, 168, 219, 220

approval of spy exchange by, 183–84

Francis Gary Powers’s writing about lack of negotiation by, 221, 233–34, 237–38

Khrushchev’s support for, 105–106

snubbing of Francis Gary Powers by, 119

Kennedy, Robert F., 119

KGB (Soviet secret police), 54–55, 72–73, 78–79, 84, 90, 98, 103, 107, 110, 112, 170, 172, 174, 180, 182, 191, 196–97, 208, 238, 263

KGIL radio, 134, 141

Khrushchev, Elena, 92

Khrushchev, Nikita, 11, 27, 31, 46, 51, 61, 75, 88, 92, 104, 105–106, 164, 167–68, 168, 169, 219, 233–34, 237

anger concerning overflights by, 49

bragging about Soviet missiles by, 55

and Kitchen Debate with Nixon, 56

learning of May 1 overflight, 65

learning of shoot-down, 71

ordering search for wreckage, 79

railing against May 1 overflight, 76–77

rejection of “Open Skies” proposal by, 47

silence of about overflights, 58

storming out of Paris Summit, 83–84

telegram to Oliver Powers, 89

Khrushchev, Sergei, 167–68, 169

Killian, James, 31, 32

King, Bob, 74

KNBC-TV, 13, 137, 140–41, 161

Kratt, Jake, 37, 43, 48, 56, 59

Kreimendahl, Rod, 67

Kruminsh, Zigurd, 103–104, 106, 107, 180, 217, 224

Lackland Air Force Base, 21

Laird, Melvin, 258

Land, Edwin, 31, 53

Larson, Joann, 141

Law, Pete, 32

LeMay, Curtis, 52

Lenin’s and Stalin’s Mausoleum, 27

LeVier, Tony, 33, 34, 37, 40, 46

USS Liberty , 243

Liberty Bell 7, 120

Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, 43, 52, 132, 138, 158, 159, 172, 258, 260, 261

and dismissal of Francis Gary Powers, 134

early spy plane plans of, 35–36

and hiring of Francis Gary Powers, 130, 132

and involvement in cover story, 75, 86–87

origins of, 32–33

pilot losses and crashes by, 66–67

See also Lockheed Skunk Works

Lockheed Skunk Works, 36

and F-104 Starfighter, 34–35

origins of, 33

and P-80 Shooting Star, 33–34

U-2 development by, 36–40, 44–45

Lonesome Pine Airport, 256

Lovejoy Memorial United Methodist Church (Newnan, GA), 24

Lubyanka Prison, 78, 79, 81, 90, 107, 170, 172, 175, 205, 213, 248, 249

Luce, Henry, 90–91

MacAfee, Carl, 92

Majors, Lee, 136, 144

Malinovsky, Rodion, 65–66

Manson, Charles, 135

March Air Force Base, 52

Marlow, Jess, 12–14, 161

May Day parade, 27, 71, 164

McCone, John A., 106, 118, 120–21, 132, 173, 183, 184, 191, 238

McDougall, Ian, 94

McKone, John, 175, 248, 249

McMahon, John, 113, 183, 238

McNamara, Robert, 191

Meade, Joan (née Powers), 18, 88, 123, 165–65, 208, 209

Meade, Walton, 76, 121, 126, 165, 166

Means, Chris, 156, 247

Melton, Mel, 141

Melvin, Jan (née Powers), 16, 17–18, 19, 49, 88, 93, 126, 129, 138

Mercury Seven astronauts, 91

Meyer, Vance T., 160

MiG (Soviet fighter series), 34, 49, 61, 261–62

Mikahlilov, Aleksandrovich, 79

Milam, Vic, 23

Miller, Herbert, 39

missile gap, 65, 83, 104

Moore, Jack, 24

Mullins, Kim, 257

Murphy, Joe, 51, 76, 113–15, 122, 144

Myasishchev M-4 Molot (Soviet bomber), 27, 30

Nasser, Abdul, 51

National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), 47

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 47, 75, 77, 91, 172

National Security Agency (NSA), 183, 191, 242

Neff, Marvine, 140

New York Times , 80, 82, 108, 110, 186, 188

Nixon, Richard, 56, 104, 105, 106, 257

Norman, Joe, 24

North, Oliver, 174

North American Air Defense Command (NORAD), 31

Olmstead, Bruce, 105, 175, 248–49

“Open Skies” proposal, 46–48

Operation Grand Slam, 63

Operation Overflight (Powers and Gentry), 134, 179

Operation Square Deal, 61–62

Overstreet, Carl, 48, 252

Overstreet, Elizabeth, 252

P-47 Thunderbolt, 19

P-51 Mustang, 19, 49

Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (Shah), 30

Paris Summit, 57, 58, 83, 84, 89, 100, 130

Parker, Andrew W., 101

Patterson, Joe, 133, 146, 149, 253

Platt, Mark, 255

Pocock, Chris, 35

Polmar, Norman, 118

Popovich, Jeanie. See Walls, Jeanie (née Popovich)