Francy Powers Jr. - Spy Pilot - Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy
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- Название:Spy Pilot: Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy
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- Издательство:Prometheus Books
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- Год:2019
- Город:New York
- ISBN:978-1-63388-468-7
- Рейтинг книги:4 / 5. Голосов: 1
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Spy Pilot: Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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One of the most talked-about events of the Cold War was the downing of the American U-2 spy plane piloted by Francis Gary Powers over the Soviet Union on May 1, 1960. The event was recently depicted in the Steven Spielberg movie Bridge of Spies. Powers was captured by the KGB, subjected to a televised show trial, and imprisoned, all of which created an international incident. Soviet authorities eventually released him in exchange for captured Soviet spy Rudolf Abel. On his return to the United States, Powers was exonerated of any wrongdoing while imprisoned in Russia, yet a cloud of controversy lingered until his untimely death in 1977.
Now his son, Francis Gary Powers Jr., has written this new account of his father’s life based on personal files that have never been previously available. Delving into old audio tapes, the transcript of his father’s debriefing by the CIA, other recently declassified documents about the U-2 program, and interviews with his contemporaries, Powers sets the record straight. The result is a fascinating piece of Cold War history.
Almost sixty years after the event, this will be the definitive account of a famous Cold War incident, one proving that Francis Gary Powers acted honorably through a trying ordeal in service to his country.
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11. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 57.
12. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections , p. 126.
13. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 33.
14. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections , p. 126–27.
15. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 59.
16. Khrushchev, Memoirs , p. 237.
17. Ibid., pp. 237–38.
18. Ibid.
19. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 60.
20. Ibid., p. 61.
21. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane , p. 55.
22. Clarence L. “Kelly” Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log, Project X, December 17, 1956.
23. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane , p. 64.
24. Johnson, Skunk Works Program Log.
25. Ibid., November 17, 1955.
26. Pocock, U-2 Spyplane , p. 34.
27. Powers tapes.
28. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 67.
29. Powers tapes.
30. Ibid.
31. David Wise and Thomas Ross, magazine excerpt from The U-2 Affair (New York: Random House, 1962).
32. Powers tapes.
33. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , pp. 69–70.
34. Powers tapes.
35. Wise and Ross, U-2 Affair .
36. Khrushchev, Memoirs , pp. 237–38.
37. Ibid., p. 238.
38. Powers tapes.
39. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 73.
40. Powers tapes.
41. Ibid.
42. The May Day 1960 Incident (Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency Report), p. 2.
43. Bissell with Lewis and Pudlo, Reflections , p. 127.
44. Ibid., p. 127.
45. Ibid., p. 128.
46. Stephen E. Ambrose, Eisenhower: Solider and President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1990), p. 508.
47. May Day Incident , p. 4.
48. Beschloss, Mayday , p. 38.
49. May Day Incident , p. 6.
50. Ibid., p. 7.
51. Beschloss, Mayday , p. 39.
52. Khrushchev, Memoirs , p. 239.
53. Associated Press, “Reds Say They Shot Down U.S. Plane,” Washington Daily News , May 5, 1960, p. A1.
54. May Day Incident , p. 7.
55. Ibid., p. 8.
56. Ibid., p. 9.
57. Powers tapes.
58. Ibid.
59. May Day Incident , p. 33.
60. Ibid.
61. David Wise, “The Russian Behind the Downing of Powers’ U-2,” Los Angeles Times , April 30, 1995, p. 18.
62. Osgood Caruthers, “Khrushchev Charges Jet Was 1,200 Miles from the Border,” New York Times , May 8, 1960, p. A1.
63. Beschloss, Mayday , p. 243.
64. Ambrose, Eisenhower , p. 511.
65. Ibid., p. 512.
66. Staff, “The Nation: Summit and Consequences,” Time , May 30, 1960, p. 18.
67. James Reston, “What Kind of President Do You Want? III,” New York Times , May 11, 1960, p. 38.
68. Editorial, Toledo Blade , May 10, 1960.
69. Editorial board, “Crisis in the Cold War,” New York Times , May 8, 1960, p. 28.
70. Ambrose, Eisenhower , p. 509.
71. Powers tapes.
72. Ibid.
73. Ibid.
74. Ovid Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” Esquire , May 1966, p. 90.
75. Ibid., p. 91.
76. Staff, “Nation.”
77. A. M. Rosenthal, “3 Leaders Fly from Wreckage of Summit,” New York Times , May 20, 1960, p. 4.
78. Allen W. Dulles, The Craft of Intelligence (Guilford, CT: Lyons Press, 2016), p. 195.
79. Demaris, “Going to See Gary,” p. 92.
80. Dr. James Baugh, unpublished manuscript, 1960–62. Reprinted with the permission of Baugh family.
81. Ibid.
82. Ibid.
83. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Urges Wife to Visit Him in Moscow,” New York Times , June 15, 1960.
84. Associated Press, “U-2 Pilot Denies He Spied,” New York Times , May 10, 1960, p. 1.
85. Baugh, manuscript.
86. Ibid.
87. Ibid.
88. Richmond Times-Dispatch , May 11, 1960.
89. Oliver Powers, letter to Nikita Khrushchev, May 10, 1960. Powers Family Archives.
90. Nikita Khrushchev, telegram to Oliver Powers. Powers Family Archives.
91. Peter Hahn, “Wealthy Immigrant Pays Tab for Trip of Powers Family,” Boston Globe , August 18, 1960, p. 4.
92. Baugh, manuscript.
93. Hahn, “Wealthy Immigrant”.”
94. Associated Press, “Moscow Says Trial Indicts U.S.,” New York Times , p. 11.
95. Richmond Times-Dispatch , August 7, 1960.
96. Seymour Topping, “U-2 Pilot’s Father Pleads for Khrushchev Sympathy,” New York Times , August 14, 1960, p. 1.
97. May Day Incident , p. 31.
98. “U.S. Issues Statement,” New York Times , August 10, 1960.
99. New York Times , August 12, 1960.
100. Ibid.
101. May Day Incident , p. 26.
102. Ibid., p. 27.
103. Jason Caffrey, “Gary Powers: The U-2 Spy Pilot the U.S. Did Not Love,” BBC World Service, January 3, 2016, https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-35064221.
104. Associated Press, “Pilot Calls Treatment Better than Expected,” New York Times , August 18, 1960, p. 23.
105. Excerpts from trial transcript, New York Times , August 18, 1960.
106. Ibid.
107. Unnamed correspondent, “Two Soviet Witnesses Are Questioned by Powers,” New York Times , August 19, 1960, p. 4.
108. Ibid.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Associated Press, “Washington ‘Pilliored,’” New York Times , August 18, 1960, p. 16.
112. Ibid.
113. Ibid.
114. Trial transcript.
115. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 154.
116. Associated Press, “Powers’ Soviet Lawyer Sees Hope for Leniency,” New York Times , August 19, 1960, p. 4.
117. Beschloss, Mayday , reprinting of FBI file, p. 331.
118. Trial transcript.
119. Beschloss, Mayday , p. 334.
120. Trial transcript.
121. Baugh, manuscript.
122. Powers and Gentry, Operation Overflight , p. 158.
123. Seymour Topping, “U.S. Pilot Rejects Attacks on U.S.,” New York Times , August 20, 1960, p. 1.
124. William J. Jorden, “President Voices Regret at Ruling,” New York Times , August 19, 1960, p. 1.
125. Baugh, manuscript.
CHAPTER FOUR: REPATRIATED
1. Francis Gary Powers and Curt Gentry, Operation Overflight: A Memoir of the U-2 Incident (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1970), p. 232.
2. Personal tapes of Francis Gary Powers, 1969.
3. Ibid.
4. Associated Press, Atlanta Constitution , February 6, 1962.
5. Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev, vol. 3 , ed. Sergei Khrushchev (University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press, Thomas J. Watson Institute for International Studies, Brown University, 2013), p. 293–94.
6. Michael R. Beschloss, Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev, and the U-2 Affair (New York: Harper & Row, 1986), p. 302.
7. Michael R. Beschloss, The Crisis Years (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), p. 35.
8. Ibid., p. 36.
9. Dario Leone, “55th Wing RB-47 Co-Pilot Shot Down and Imprisoned by Soviets Will Be Buried in Arlington National Cemetery,” Aviation Geek Club, July 26, 2017, https://theaviationgeekclub.com/55th-wing-rb-47-co-pilot-shot-imprisoned-soviets-will-buried-arlington-national-cemetery/.
10. Adam Taylor, “This Kremlin Leader Bragged about Tipping a U.S. Presidential Election,” Washington Post , January 6, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/01/06/this-kremlin-leader-bragged-about-tipping-a-u-s-presidential-election/?utm_term=.4133a24956ea.
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