Francy Powers Jr. - Spy Pilot - Francis Gary Powers, the U-2 Incident, and a Controversial Cold War Legacy

50. Powers tapes.

51. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, April 30, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

52. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, May 4, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

53. Francis Gary Powers, letter to sisters Jean and Jan, May 4, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

54. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, June 15, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

55. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, August 10, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

56. Powers, personal journal.

57. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, November 1, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

58. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Barbara Powers, November 9, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

59. Powers, personal journal.

60. Ibid.

61. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Oliver and Ida Powers, December 26, 1961. Powers Family Archives.

62. Powers, personal journal.

63. McMahon, CIA interview.

64. Powers tapes.

1. Maria Glod, “Students Help Museum Collect Cold War History,” Washington Post , October 12, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/10/AR2006101001546.html.

2. Ibid.

3. Fredrick Kunkle, “Fairfax, Virginia Breaks Off Talks on Cold War Museum,” Washington Post , April 15, 2009, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/14/AR2009041402885.html.

4. Glod, “Students Help Museum Collect Cold War History.”

5. Associated Press, Lansing (Michigan) State Journal , May 2, 2010.

6. Kentucky Post , December 8, 2001.

7. Ibid.

8. Francis Gary Powers, letter to Department of Defense Civilian/Military Service Review Board, January 16, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

9. Air Force Board of Correction of Military Records, Memorandum, November 16, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

10. Air Force Chief of Staff, Memorandum, December 8, 2011. Powers Family Archives.

11. Citation, Air Force Silver Star awarded to Francis Gary Powers, June 14, 2012.

12. Adam J. Hebert, “Long Roads to Redemption,” Air Force , July 2012, p. 4.

1. Robert Sorrell, “Heart in the Sky: Lonesome Pine Airport Dedicates Terminal to Wise County Veteran,” Bristol (Virginia) Herald Courier , March 12, 2006, https://www.heraldcourier.com/news/local/lonesome-pine-airport-dedicates-terminal-to-wise-county-veteran/article_e905b0a1-33be-57fa-8dfc-26af27494580.html.

2. Ibid.

3. Stephen Igo, “Lonesome Pine Airport Terminal Dedicated in Honor of Cold War Spy Plane Pilot,” Times News (Kingsport, TN), March 14, 2016, http://www.timesnews.net/News/2016/03/14/Airport-terminal-dedicated-in-honor-of-Cold-War-spy-plane-pilot-1.

4. Jerry K. Staub, letter to President Richard Nixon, August 31, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

5. Memorandum for Executive Officer, “Items for General Cushman’s Black Book,” September 16, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

6. Memorandum from Lawrence R. Houston, October 19, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

7. Memorandum for John F. Blake, August 4, 1977, Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

8. Memorandum from John Parangosky, October 27, 1972. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

9. Memorandum to Director, Special Projects Staff, October 24, 1971. Released by the CIA after a Freedom of Information Act request.

10. Associated Press, “Son of US Spy Pilot Views U-2 Artifacts at Russian Museum,” Air Force Times , December 7, 2017, http://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2017/12/07/son-of-us-spy-pilot-views-u-2-artifacts-at-russian-museum.

11. “Almanac: Ian Fleming,” CBS Sunday Morning, May 28, 2017, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/almanac-ian-fleming/.

12. Ibid.

A-12 Blackbird, 129

Abel, Rudolf, 11, 12, 54, 110–16, 234, 255

Abel v. United States , 111

Adenauer, Konrad, 47

Ambrose, Stephen E., 80

Ames, Aldrich, 243

Anderson, Brian, 176

Anderson, Gregg, 142–43, 162, 245

Anderson, Rudolf, Jr., 130

Andonian, Harry, 45

Angleton, James, 183

Apollo 1, 120

Area 51, 37, 39–40, 149

Arlington National Cemetery, 142–43, 259–60

Baa Baa Black Sheep , 148

Baburin, Serge, 263

Baugh, Betty George, 85

Baugh, James, 84–88, 91, 94, 98–100, 125–28

BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation), 94–95

Beale Air Force Base, 176, 256

Beerli, Stan, 64, 73

Betterton, Michael, 47–48, 51, 55, 81

Berlin Airlift, 22

Berlin Wall, 106, 161, 164, 175, 253

Berry, Lindsey, 253

Bevacqua, Tony, 23–25, 52–53, 67, 174

Birdseye, John, 50

Bissell, Richard, III, 38

Bissell, Richard “Dick,” Jr., 37–39, 61, 63, 74–75

Biryuzov, Sergei, 71

bomber gap, 27–28, 30, 53, 83

Bond, James (character), 122–23, 264

Bong, Richard, 33

Borisoglebsky, V. V., 92, 96–97, 100

Bowen, Tom, 170

Boyd, David, 81

Boyd, Liz, 20

Bozart, Jimmy, 53

Bradley, Omar, 154

Bradt, Kenneth, 119, 124–25, 129, 130

Bridge of Spies (film), 255–56

Brown, Monteen, 85, 126–27

Bruce, David K. E., 28

Bulganin, Nikolai, 46

Burke, William, 61

C-121 Super Constellation, 25

Caen, Herb, 219

Cantor, Eric, 248

Carpenter, Buz, 176, 248

Carter, Jack, 35

Carter, Jimmy, 143

Castro, Fidel, 105, 106

CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System), 94, 98, 264

Central Armed Forces Museum, 246

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 32, 35, 42, 51, 52, 55, 74, 75, 80, 81, 86, 90, 94, 107, 110, 113, 116, 117, 119, 123, 124, 125, 129, 130, 132, 134, 150, 154, 157, 158, 161, 168, 172, 173, 174, 175, 182, 184, 192, 196, 239, 242, 249, 251, 260

and acquisition of debriefing transcript, 180

and Bay of Pigs fallout, 106

and bomber gap, 30

and coded messages, 205

distrust of Powers family by, 92–93

Francis Gary Powers awarded medal by, 176

and Francis Gary Powers’s burial arrangements, 142

Francis Gary Powers’s resentment toward, 137–38

interventions of, 29–30

monitoring of Francis Gary Powers by, 261

and New York Times article, 188

next-generation tools of, 57

and NSA intelligence dispute, 183

origins of, 28–29

and pilot unpreparedness, 72

and Powers settlement, 258–59

and Prettyman Commission, 118

probing on altitude by, 181

and risks of shoot-down, 61–62

and secret air base, 37

and success of U-2, 53

and training crashes and deaths, 66–67

U-2 deployment by, 47–49

and U-2 development, 38–40, 43

and U-2 mandate, 36

Chaffee, Roger, 120

Chancellor, John, 94

Checkpoint Charlie, 114

Church, Frank, 138

Church Committee, 138

Civilian/Military Service Review Board, 171–72, 249

Clifton, Irma, 242

Cold War Museum, The, 169, 241, 245

Collins, William, 41, 50

Connell, Jim, 171

Conrad, Chris, 133, 139, 145, 147, 149, 150, 252

Conrad, Joan, 139–40

Conrad, Robert, 14, 133, 137, 148–49, 154

Cordes, Harry, 184, 191

Costello, Edith, 158

Cuban Missile Crisis, 130–31

Cumberland Airport Commission, 257

Curry, Sol, 92

Cronkite, Walter, 94

Cruz, Frank, 141

Dailey, Jack, 177

David Clark Company, 45

Davis, Tom, 177

Deavel, R. Philip, 175