Андрей Солдатов: The Red Web: The Struggle Between Russia's Digital Dictators and the New Online Revolutionaries

Ekaterina Grigorieva, “Rossia profinansiruet evropeiskuyu demorkatiyu” [Russia Will Fund the European Democracy], Izvestia , October 29, 2007, http://izvestia.ru/news/330162. For details in English, see Nikola Krastev, “In the Heart of New York, Russia’s ‘Soft Power’ Arm Gaining Momentum,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, February 14, 2015, www.rferl.org/content/In_The_Heart_Of_New_York_Russias_Soft_Power_Arm_Gaining_Momentum/1493429.html.

Miriam Elder, “Russia Needs to Reclaim Its ‘Digital Sovereignty’ from US, says MP,” Guardian , June 19, 2013, www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/19/russia-digital-soveriegnty-nsa-surveillance.

Interview to Channel One and Associated Press news agency, the transcript on the site of the Kremlin, September 4, 2013, http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/5935.

Vladislav Novy, “Spetsluzbi ne vpisalis v traffik” [Secret Services Didn’t Make into Traffic], Kommersant , October 24, 2013, www.kommersant.ru/doc/2326973.

Andrei Soldatov, “Russia’s Spying Craze,” Moscow Times , October 31, 2014, www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/russias-spying-craze/488773.html.

The roundtable on SORM at the MSK-IX conference, with Vartan Khachaturov, deputy director of the infrastructure department at the Ministry of Communications and Mass Media of the Russian Federation, present, December 10, 2013, YouTube, www.youtube.com/watch?v=JuqiBGhJBtA.

Transcript, “Direct Line with Vladimir Putin,” Kremlin, April 17, 2014, http://eng.kremlin.ru/news/7034.

Ibid.

Edward Snowden, “Vladimir Putin Must Be Called to Account on Surveillance Just Like Obama,” Guardian , April 18, 2014, www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/apr/18/vladimir-putin-surveillance-us-leaders-snowden.

Marina Zhunich, YouTube, July 18, 2012, www.youtube.com/watch?v=76KrOhZNsEo.

Marina Zhunich, conversations with authors, December 2014.

Irina Yusbekova, “Google [Has] Begun to Relocate the Servers to Russian Data-Centers,” April 10, 2015, RBC Daily.

“Developments in the Field of Information and Telecommunications in the Context of International Security,” introduced by Russia as a draft resolution in the First Committee of the UN General Assembly, A/RES/53/70, January 4, 1999.

Vladimir Markomenko, “Nevidimaya Zatyazhnaya voina” [Invisible Protracted War], Nezevisimaya Gazeta , August 16, 1997. Markomenko was then the first deputy director of FAPSI.

Doctrine of the Information Security of the Russian Federation, Russian Security Council, www.scrf.gov.ru/documents/6/5.html.

The diplomat who reported this was US chargé d’affaires Hugh Neighbour, reporting March 16, about a meeting in Vienna. “U.S.-RF Cybersecurity Bilateral on Margins of Osce Cyber Workshop,” March 25, 2009, WikiLeaks, https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09USOSCE66_a.html.

In 2010 Kaspersky Lab discovered Stuxnet, the US-Israeli worm that wrecked nearly a thousand Iranian centrifuges. Two years later it exposed Flame, which attacked computers running the Microsoft Windows operating system; the program is being used for targeted cyber espionage in the Middle Eastern countries. Based on Kaspersky Lab’s investigation, experts and journalists found additional evidence that the United States was behind the development of Stuxnet and Flame. For details, see Kaspersky Lab, “Stuxnet Worm: Insight from Kaspersky Lab,” Virus News , September 27, 2010, www.kaspersky.com/about/news/virus/2010/Stuxnet_Worm_Insight_from_Kaspersky_Lab. Andrey Krutskikh referred to Stuxnet at the meeting in Garmisch, 2012; see Adrian Croft, “Russia Says Many States Arming for Cyber Warfare,” Reuters, April 25, 2012, www.reuters.com/article/2012/04/25/germany-cyber-idUSL6E8FP40M20120425, and Krutskikh remarks at London Cyber conference on November 11, 2011, the conference Kaspersky also attended: www.rusemb.org.uk/article/112.

In January 2011 Krutskikh welcomed Andrey Yarnikh, head of Government Relations at Kaspersky Lab, into the Russian delegation at the intergovernmental group on cyber crime of the UN Office on Drugs and Crime. Open-ended intergovernmental expert group on cybercrime, UNODC, January 21, 2011, www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/organized_crime/EGM_cybercrime_2011/UNODC_CCPCJ_EG4_2011_INF_2_Rev1.pdf.

Eugene Kaspersky blog, “Call for Action: Internet Should Become a Military-Free Zone,” November 25, 2011, http://eugene.kaspersky.com/2011/11/25/internet-military-free-zone.

The account is based on authors’ interviews with Russian and American participants of the conference who preferred not to be named.

John Markoff, “At Internet Conference, Signs of Agreement Appear Between U.S. and Russia,” New York Times , April 15, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/04/16/science/16cyber.html?_r=0.

George Sadowsky, interview with authors, January 2015.

Markoff, “At Internet Conference.”

“Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Reaffirms the Russian Federation’s Support for ITU,” ITU News , November 5, 2011, https://itunews.itu.int/En/1444-Prime-Minister-Vladimir-Putin-reaffirms-the-Russian-Federation%C2%92s-support-for-ITU.note.aspx; Jerry Brito, “The Case Against Letting the UN Govern the Internet,” Time , February 13, 2012, http://techland.time.com/2012/02/13/the-case-against-letting-the-united-nations-govern-the-internet; and Leo Kelion, “US Resists Control of Internet Passing to UN Agency,” BBC, August 3, 2012, www.bbc.com/news/technology-19106420.

“Prime Minister Vladimir Putin Reaffirms the Russian Federation’s Support for ITU.”

Vinton G. Cerf, “Keep the Internet Open,” New York Times , May 24, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/05/25/opinion/keep-the-internet-open.html?_r=0.

Richard Lardner, “A Battle for Internet Freedom as UN Meeting Nears,” Associated Press, June 22, 2012, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/battle-internet-freedom-un-meeting-nears-0.

The Russian proposal is dated November 17, 2012, wcitleaks.org, http://files.wcitleaks.org/public/S12-WCIT12-C-0027!R1!MSW-E.pdf.

Brian Murphy, “Clashes Over Internet Rules to Mark International Conference,” Associated Press, December 3, 2012, www.komonews.com/news/tech/Clashes-over-Internet-rules-to-mark-Dubai-meeting-181860811.html.

The account is based on authors’ interviews with participants of the conference who preferred not to be named.

Ambassador Terry Kramer, US Head of Delegation, “Development and Progress of the World Conference on International Telecommunications Currently Being Held in Dubai, United Arab Emirates Until December 14, 2012,” Special Briefing, World Conference on International Telecommunications, Via Teleconference, December 6, 2012, www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/rm/2012/201637.htm.